2. West Nile Virus

3. Timeline  1937  First Case reported  1950  Virus studied in Egypt  1957  Outbreak in Israel  1960  Equine cases  1999  Appeared in US

4. World Wide  Africa  West Asia  Eastern Europe  Middle East  United States

5. New York  1999  62 Human cases  7 deaths  2000  21 Human cases  2 deaths  Numerous bird (crow) causes

6. Positive States  Connecticut  Indiana  Ohio  Maryland  Pennsylvania  Florida  Virginia  Massachusetts  New Hampshire  New Jersey  New York  Rhode Island  Georgia

7. Transmission of WNV  Birds are reservoirs  Mosquitoes are Vectors  Humans and horses are incidental hosts  No horizontal spread of WNV from humans to horses

8. Bird Mosquito Horses Humans

9. Mild Infection Symptoms  Symptoms occur abut 5-15 days after mosquito bites  Mild fever  Headache  Body aches  Rash  Swollen lymph nodes

10. Serious Infection Symptoms  Seen mostly in elderly  Less than 1% of infected develop into severe illness  Causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)  Rapid onset of severe headache  High fever  Stiff neck  Confusion  Coma  Muscle weakness

11. Diagnosis  Testing  Done if person develops symptoms  Medical history first assessed  People who live in or have traveled to areas where WNV has been identified are at high risk  People over 50 are at high risk

12. Diagnosis  Blood Sample  Drawn and taken to commercial or public health laboratory for conformation  IgM antibodies tested in serum or cerebral spinal fluid  ELISA test  Used to incubate goat IgM and human serum and test it with WNV antigen from vero cells infected from gulls mice and goats

13. Treatment  No treatment  Can treat secondary symptoms with fluids  Need to seek medical attention immediately  Doctor  Veterinarian

14. Prevention  Eliminate outdoor activities between dusk and dawn  Wear protective clothing  Use mosquito repellant  Keep pools treated  Empty and clean birdbaths, plant trays once a week

15. Prevention  Replace outdoor lights with yellow lights  Report dead birds to proper authority  Vaccinate horses against WNV  Make sure screens are bug tight