2.  November 12 - forest carbon 1, Tutorial 4  November 14 – carbon (cont)  Brief due  November 18 (Monday) – EBM simulation  November 19 (Lecture) – comparative  November 19 (evening) – area-based simulation  November 21 – conclusion 1  November 26 – conclusion 2  November 28 – NO CLASS  December 12 – 3:30-5:30 final exam November 12, 2013 2

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4.  legitimate reductions in GHGs that should, if properly regulated, play an meaningful role in climate policy or  Sketchy subsidies that provide dubious contributions to reducing GHGs, and should not be including in sincere climate policies November 12, 2013 4

5.  Emerging values  Forest Carbon 100  How forests can contribute to GHG mitigation  BC Climate policy  General  Forest carbon  Policy Design Issues  Promoting Wood  Bioenergy (briefly)  conclusion November 12, 2013 5

6.  “British Columbia is already world- renowned for reforestation. Now we have an opportunity to increase the amount of carbon our forests sequester, and harness the economic potential of carbon offsets. This will not only strengthen the forest sector and the communities that depend on it, it will remove more greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and help meet our climate change goals.” Pat BellPat Bell April 3, 2009 November 12, 2013 6

7. There is a LOT of carbon in forests:  50% of the weight of wood is carbon  1 m 3 of wood = about 0.25 tonnes of carbon = almost 1 tonne of CO 2 = about the same amount of carbon as in 350 litres of gasoline 7

8. 8  Carbon is stored in many pools, and emitted from and added to each pool over time  Harvesting, decomposition, and fire emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (i.e. they result in sources)  Forest growth removes or sequesters carbon from the atmosphere (i.e. they result in sinks)

9.  Emerging values  Forest Carbon 100  How forests can contribute to GHG mitigation  BC Climate policy  General  Forest carbon  Policy Design Issues  Promoting Wood  bioenergy  conclusion November 12, 2013 9

10. 10  Forests and forestry cannot solve the problem of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions – but they can contribute to the solution  Forest management can reduce sources and increase sinks  Forests are a sustainable source of products characterized by long-term storage of carbon, and they supply bioenergy

11.  Afforestation  Plant new forests on marginal agricultural land  Avoiding deforestation (permanent loss of forest)  Changing forest management ▪ harvesting practices ▪ Rate of cut ▪ Regeneration ▪ protection against fire and insects  Use and disposal of harvested wood products ▪ Produce longer-lived products, substitution for emissions-intensive materials, recycling, improve management of landfills  Wood bioenergy ▪ Use wood for power generation, bio-fuels  Bio-economy – displace petrochemical based materials November 12, 2013 11

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14.  Counted: Emissions from deforestation (i.e., releases at the time of deforestation and the residual decay of dead organic matter) and removals from afforestation (i.e., new trees absorbing and storing CO2 from the atmosphere).  Not counted: “normal” forest management, natural disturbance  82 million tonnes ▪ Increased 88% since 2007 November 12, 2013 14

15.  Emerging values  Forest Carbon 100  How forests can contribute to GHG mitigation  BC Climate policy  General  Forest carbon  Policy Design Issues  Promoting Wood  bioenergy  conclusion November 12, 2013 15

16. Agenda-Setting Policy Formulation Decisionmaking Policy Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation  Policy cycle – implementation stage  Policy design  Strategic actor analysis 16

17.  BC climate policy  Affiliated climate policy  Struggling forest sector November 12, 2013 17

18. 18 BC’s GHG emissions (including afforestation & deforestation) Actual 1990-2007 emissions, and targets to 2050 Note: Targets as per GHG Reductions Target Act: 33% below 2007 level by 2020, and 80% by 2050. Interim targets established for 2012 and 2016. 2007 2020 target 2050 target How best can forests contribute to meeting targets?

19.  Climate Action Plan June 2008 Climate Action Plan  Provincial reduction target:target  33% below 2007 levels by 2020  80% below 2007 levels by 2050  Public sector carbon neutrality by 2010  Emission offset regulation Emission offset regulation  Must use Pacific Carbon TrustPacific Carbon Trust November 12, 2013 19

20.  No net deforestation  Forests for Tomorrow, $161 million 4-year investment in reforestation  Trees for Tomorrow, urban forest tree planting Trees for Tomorrow  Bioenergy Strategy  Promote use of wood  Forest carbon offset policy November 12, 2013 20

21.  Offset: a net reduction in emissions created when organizations invest in another company's emissions-reducing activities (PCT)  Permit or allowance: under “cap and trade” system, legal authorization to emit certain amount (they are tradeable)  Offsets can be part of cap and trade system but are usually regulated  “Cap and trade” instructional videoCap and trade November 12, 2013 21

22.  BC carbon offset policy and controversy November 12, 2013 22

23. Centre for Advanced Wood Processing, 2916 EBM Monday November 18 Relaxing Constraints Tuesday November 19 5:00-6:00 Initial Presentation from Caucuses (5 minutes each) 6:00-6:45 Facilitator Identification of areas of agreement and disagreement 6:45-7:15 Dinner Break: Group meetings 7:15-8:15 Narrow range of disagreements 8:15-8:45 Establish consensus position or range of option 8:45-9:00 Debrief 23