1. History of Microbiology
Nature of Science
Early Observations
Spontaneous Generation Controversy
Germ Theory of Disease

2. Nature of Science
Science is systematized knowledge developed through the application of the scientific method
Scientific method
Observations (objective vs. subjective)
Formulate hypothesis
Test hypothesis with controlled experiments
Accept, revise or reject hypothesis

3. Early Observations & Experiments
Microscopes
van Leeuwenhoek & Hooke
Spontaneous Generation Controversy
Germ Theory of Disease & Robert Koch

4. Spontaneous Generation
Biogenesis vs. Abiogenesis
Aristotle
Jan Baptista van Helmont ( )
Francisco Redi ( )
John T. Needham ( )
Lazzaro Spallanzani ( )
Theodor Schwann ( )
Louis Pasteur ( )

5. Biogenesis vs. Abiogenesis
Biogenesis - development of life from preceding life forms
Abiogenesis - life arises from inorganic or non-living materials

6. Aristotle first to record possible routes to life.
He saw beings as arising in one of three ways, from sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction or nonliving matter.
observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants, fleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay
this belief remained unchallenged for more than two thousand years.

7. Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)
Reported in late 1500’s that barley grains and old shirts left in a corner would spontaneously give rise to mice
Claimed as evidence that supported spontaneous generation or abiogenesis

9. Francisco Redi ( )
Set up controlled experiment to test idea of spontaneous generation with respect to maggots appearing on rotting meat
open jar with meat
screened jar with meat
sealed jar with meat

10. von Helmut
open
screened
sealed

11. John T. Needham ( )
Flies do not arise spontaneously but the “animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek must
In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth, stoppered and noted that flask becam turbid
Argued that the turbidity, which included many “animalcules” must have arisen spontaneously

12. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Repeated Needham’s experiments
Used flasks that were sealed by melting the glass rather than with a cork
Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45 minutes would remain sterile thus refuting Needham’s conclusions

13. Theodor Schwann ( )
An argument against Spallanzani experiments is that they excluded air
Constructed apparatus to sterilize air coming into flask
Results supported biogenesis

14. Theodor Schwann ( )
Apparatus used by Schwann The central flask, which is being rendered sterile by heating contains the infusion. Air is passed through it from the heated coil on right. The flask at left is a mercury trap through which air escapes after passing through the central flask.

15. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Looked at air which had been filtered
Developed swan neck flask to deal with heated air problem
Looked at frequency of occurrence of contaminated flasks
Settled controversy

16. Louis Pasteur ( )
An example of the swan-necked flask

17. Germ Theory of Disease
Observation on causative agents of potato blight and diseases of silkworms led to hypothesis
Formalized through work of Pasteur and Koch (and others) led to theory that germs or microorganisms may cause disease

18. Germ Theory of Disease
Robert Koch first developed relationship between microorganisms and disease
Developed Koch’s Postulates for testing relationship
Discovered cause of anthrax and tuberculosis

19. Germ Theory of Disease Koch’s Postulates:
Same microorganism must be observed in every instance of disease
Organism must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
Specific disease must be reproduced when pure culture is reintroduced into host