1. Take your test today by 5!

2. Shadowing Many early studies employed variations on a paradigm called “shadowing” “Four score and seven years ago…” “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…” “Four score and seven years ago…”

3. Stages of Selection The other possibility is Late Selection

4. Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made?

5. Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Information (such as words) in unattended channel shouldn’t be processed for meaning

6. Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Information (such as words) in unattended channel shouldn’t be processed for meaning Demonstrates that Early Selection Theory is not entirely correct

7. Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made?

8. Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Should be able to find differences in brain activity in primary sensory areas (A1, V1)

9. Stages of Selection Electrical activity recorded at scalp (EEG) shows differences between attended and unattended stimuli in A1 within 90 ms Hansen & Hillyard (1980)

10. Stages of Selection Evidence exists for both early and late selection mechanisms –One interpretation: early reduction in “sensory gain” followed by late suppression of unselected information

11. Orienting Attention

12. Control of Attention Major Distinctions: VoluntaryReflexive

13. Control of Attention Major Distinctions: VoluntaryReflexive Overt Covert

14. Voluntary Orienting shifting attention by willfully selecting a location in space (or a frequency of sound) Eye movements (overt orienting)

15. Voluntary Orienting Attention can be oriented covertly –a commonly used metaphor is “the spotlight of attention”

16. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL

17. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL

18. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL

19. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: X VALID CUE TRIAL

20. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears - dependent variable is response time (RT) VALID CUE TRIAL

21. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL

22. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL

23. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL

24. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: X INVALID CUE TRIAL

25. Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Attention Effect = Valid RT - Invalid RT

26. Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention?

27. Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention? –Informative cue –Validity = greater than 50%

28. Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention? –Informative cue –Validity = greater than 50% What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?

29. Voluntary Orienting What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm? Symbolic cues orient attention towards another location. Stimulus cues orient attention to the stimulated location.

30. Voluntary Orienting What is the time course of voluntary orienting? Cue - Target Interval Response Time Invalid Valid

31. Reflexive Orienting Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:

32. Reflexive Orienting Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred: –Loud noise –Motion –New Object We call this attentional capture Transients

33. Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting

34. Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?

35. Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting? Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)

36. Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Cue - Target Interval (ms) Response Time Valid Invalid 0 5001000

37. Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as IOR

38. Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as IOR Thought to occur because attention goes to cued location, then leaves and is inhibited from returning

39. Reflexive Orienting Can symbolic cues be reflexive?

40. Reflexive Orienting Can symbolic cues be reflexive? Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze

41. Reflexive Orienting New objects capture attention