1. International Finance
Lecture 18
International Finance

2. Review Government Controls Arbitrage Opportunity Locational Arbitrage
Banks/Individuals
Triangular Arbitrage

3. International Arbitrage & Interest Rate Parity
Lecture 18
International Arbitrage & Interest Rate Parity

4. Triangular Arbitrage
US$
Value of
MYR in $
Value of £ in $
MYR
Value of
£ in MYR
When the actual and calculated cross exchange rates differ, triangular arbitrage will force them back into equilibrium.

5. Triangular Arbitrage
Cross exchange rates represent the relationship between two currencies that are different from one’s base currency. In the United States, the term cross exchange rate refers to the relationship between two nondollar currencies.

6. Triangular Arbitrage : Example
If the British pound (£) is worth $1.60, while the Canadian dollar (C$) is worth $.80, the value of the British pound with respect to the Canadian dollar is calculated as follows:
 Value of £ in units of C$ $1.60/$.80 = 2.0 
The value of the Canadian dollar in units of pounds can also be determined from the cross exchange rate formula: 
Value of C$ in units of £ $.80/$1.60 = .50 
Notice that the value of a Canadian dollar in units of pounds is simply the reciprocal of the value of a pound in units of Canadian dollars.

7. Triangular Arbitrage : Example
If a quoted cross exchange rate differs from the appropriate cross exchange rate (as determined by the preceding formula), you can attempt to capitalize on the discrepancy.
Specifically, you can use triangular arbitrage in which currency transactions are conducted in the spot market to capitalize on a discrepancy in the cross exchange rate between two currencies.

8. Realignment Due to Triangular Arbitrage
Like locational arbitrage, triangular arbitrage is a strategy that few of us can ever take advantage of because the computer technology available to foreign exchange dealers can easily detect misalignments in cross exchange rates.
The point of this discussion is that triangular arbitrage will ensure that cross exchange rates are usually aligned correctly.
If cross exchange rates are not properly aligned, triangular arbitrage will take place until the rates are aligned correctly.

9. Covered Interest Arbitrage
Covered interest arbitrage is the process of capitalizing on the interest rate differential between two countries while covering for exchange rate risk.
Covered interest arbitrage tends to force a relationship between forward rate premiums and interest rate differentials.

10. Covered Interest Arbitrage
Covered interest arbitrage is the process of capitalizing on the interest rate differential between two countries while covering your exchange rate risk with a forward contract.
The logic of the term covered interest arbitrage becomes clear when it is broken into two parts:
“interest arbitrage” refers to the process of capitalizing on the difference between interest rates between two countries; “covered” refers to hedging your position against exchange rate risk.

11. Covered Interest Arbitrage : Example
You desire to capitalize on relatively high rates of interest in the United Kingdom and have funds available for 90 days.
The interest rate is certain; only the future exchange rate at which you will exchange pounds back to U.S. dollars is uncertain.
You can use a forward sale of pounds to guarantee the rate at which you can exchange pounds for dollars at a future point in time. This actual strategy is as follows: 

12. Covered Interest Arbitrage : Example
1. On day 1, convert your U.S. dollars to pounds and set up a 90-day deposit account in a British bank.
2. On day 1, engage in a forward contract to sell pounds 90 days forward.
3. In 90 days when the deposit matures, convert the pounds to U.S. dollars at the rate that was agreed upon in the forward contract.

13. Covered Interest Arbitrage : Example

14. If the proceeds from engaging in covered interest arbitrage exceed the proceeds from investing in a domestic bank deposit, and assuming neither deposit is subject to default risk, covered interest arbitrage is feasible.
The feasibility of covered interest arbitrage is based on the interest rate differential and the forward rate premium. To illustrate, consider the following numerical example. 

15. Covered Interest Arbitrage
Example £ spot rate = 90-day forward rate = $1.60 U.S. 90-day interest rate = 2% U.K. 90-day interest rate = 4% Borrow $ at 3%, or use existing funds which are earning interest at 2%. Convert $ to £ at $1.60/£ and engage in a 90-day forward contract to sell £ at $1.60/£. Lend £ at 4%. Note: Profits are not achieved instantaneously.

16. Realignment Due to Covered Interest Arbitrage.
As with the other forms of arbitrage, market forces resulting from covered interest arbitrage will cause a market realignment. Once the realignment takes place , excess profits from arbitrage are no longer possible

17. Comparing Arbitrage Strategies
Locational : Capitalizes on discrepancies in Arbitrage exchange rates across locations.
$/£ quote
by Bank X
by Bank Y

18. Comparing Arbitrage Strategies
Triangular: Capitalizes on discrepancies in Arbitrage cross exchange rates.
€/£ quote
by Bank A
$/£ quote
by Bank B
$/€ quote
by Bank C

19. Comparing Arbitrage Strategies
Covered Capitalizes on discrepancies Interest : between the forward rate and the Arbitrage interest rate differential.
Differential between U.S. and British interest rates
Forward rate of £ quoted in dollars

20. Review Arbitrage Locational Arbitrage Triangular Arbitrage
Covered Interest Arbitrage
Source: Adopted from South-Western/Thomson Learning. 2006