1. Progressive American Politics Unit VIIA AP United States History

2. Fundamental Question ► ► To what extent were levels of American government influenced by progressive ideals?

3. Progressive Political Reform Direct Democracy ► ► Secret ballots (Australian ballot)   All candidates printed on ballots   Vote in privacy at assigned polling place ► ► Direct primaries ► ► Government of the People   Initiatives ► ► Petition of enough voter signatures to force an election   Referendums ► ► Legislative proposals determined by electorate   Recalls ► ► Remove elected officials through local/state elections

4. Seventeenth Amendment (1913) ► ► Problems   State legislature corruption   Electoral deadlocks ► ► Direct Election of Senators

5. Progressive Political Reform Local/Municipalities ► ► Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services   Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation services, municipal services, public schools   Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential) ► ► Local Governments   Galveston Plan ► ► Commissioners and councils directly elected   Dayton Plan ► ► City managers hired as non-partisan administrators Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Inspired social and municipal reform

6. Progressive Political Reform States ► ► Reforms   Direct primaries   Business regulations   Tax reforms   Suffrage   Temperance   State wages   Insurance plans   Child labor laws ► ► “Wisconsin Idea”   Robert LaFollette   Influence and Application of Education on Politics ► ► Primary elections ► ► Progressive taxes ► ► Workers’ compensation ► ► Regulation of railroads ► ► Limit or eliminate monopolies and trusts ► ► Supported direct election of senators

7. Fourth Party System (1896-1932) ► ► Republicans   Dominated the federal government during this era   Coalition ► ► Industrialists, corporations, upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast   Nationalists and Imperialists ► ► Bull Moose Party   aka Progressive Party   New Nationalism ► ► Democrats   Coalition ► ► Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class   Laissez-faire policies   New Freedom ► ► Socialist Party of America   Coalition ► ► German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers   Elections ► ► Two members of U.S. House ► ► Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council members   Eugene V. Debs ► ► Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920 ► ► Received over 900,000 votes in 1912 and 1920

8. Election of 1896 ► ► William Jennings Bryan (D)   Populist rhetoric ► ► William McKinley (R)   Mark Hanna   Outspent Bryan 5 to 1   Benefited from recovering economy ► ► Campaign   Bryan’s stump speeches   McKinley’s “front-porch”

9. William McKinley (R) (1897-1901) ► ► Economy   Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899)   Economic expansion ► ► Foreign Affairs   Annexation of Hawaii (1898)   Spanish-American War (1898)   China ► ► Open Door Policy ► ► Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) ► ► Assassination   September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY   Leon Czolgosz

10. Election of 1900 ► ► William McKinley (R)   William McKinley ► ► Theodore Roosevelt as VP ► ► William Jennings Bryan (D)   Bimetallism   Antiimperialism

11. Theodore Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909) ► ► Square Deal   Trustbuster   Business Regulation   Conservation ► ► Coal Strike of 1902 ► ► Panic of 1907 ► ► Big Stick Policy   Panama Canal   Roosevelt Corollary

12. Election of 1904 ► ► Theodore Roosevelt (R) ► ► Alton B. Parker (D) ► ► Eugene V. Debs   Socialist Party of America

13. Roosevelt: Trustbuster ► ► Good Trusts & Bad Trusts ► ► Consumer Protection   Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ► ► Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs   Meat Inspection Act (1906) ► ► Prohibited misleading labels ► ► Prohibited harmful chemicals

14. Roosevelt: Conservationist ► ► 230,000,000 acres under protection during Roosevelt’s administration ► ► U.S. Forest Service ► ► Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)   Federal promotion of irrigation in western states ► ► National Park Service (1916) ► ► Preservationists   John Muir and Sierra Club

15. National Parks

16. Election of 1908 ► ► William Howard Taft (R)   Hand-picked by Roosevelt ► ► William Jennings Bryan (D)

17. William Howard Taft (R) (1909-1913) ► ► Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911)   Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act   Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved ► ► Sixteenth Amendment (1913)   Federal graduated income tax ► ► Dollar Diplomacy

18. Election of 1912 ► ► Woodrow Wilson (D)   New Freedom ► ► Regulate business to promote competition and small businesses ► ► Theodore Roosevelt (Prog)   “Bull Moose Party”   New Nationalism ► ► Executive regulations of industries and social justice ► ► William Howard Taft (R)   Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents) ► ► Socialist Party of America   Eugene V. Debs

19. Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) ► ► Progressive Amendments   Seventeenth Amendment – Direct election of Senators   Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition   Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage ► ► Progressive Legislation and Policies   Federal Reserve Act (1913) ► ► Central banking system and regulation of monetary policy   Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) ► ► Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies   Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) ► ► Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers ► ► World War I   Fourteen Points and League of Nations

20. Progressive Business Regulation ► ► Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)   Demand annual reports   Investigate complaints ► ► Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)   Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies   Held corporate officers personally responsible for anti- trust violations   Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions

21. Federal Reserve System and Central Banking ► ► Panic of 1907 ► ► Federal Reserve Act (1913)   “The Fed” ► ► Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth   Federal Reserve Board ► ► President appointed with Senate consent ► ► FOMC ► ► Monetary Policy   Open-Market Operations   Reserve Requirement/Ratio   Discount rates

22. Election of 1916 ► ► Woodrow Wilson (D)   “He kept us out of war.” ► ► Charles Evan Hughes (R)   U.S. Supreme Court justice