1. Streaming and I/0 Chapter 14 D&D

2. Menu Reading/writing text file streams Reading/writing string streams Command line arguments

3. Reading/writing text streams All programs we’ve written so far have read input from standard input, and written output to standard output. cin, cout, and cerr are C++ streams. We will now extend this concept to disk files.

4. To access a disk file, we can open a file stream variable. #include ifstreaminfile(“filename”); // input ofstream outfile(“filename”); // output fstream inoutfile(“filename”); // in/output

5. Example (code fragment): #include... ifstream input_data; input_data.open(“myfile”); int n; double x; input_data >> n >> x;...

6. Reading strings from streams (code fragment): #include... ifstream input_data; input_data.open(“myfile”); string s; input_data >> s; // read word getline(input_data,s);...

7. Reading characters from streams (code fragment): #include... ifstream input_data; input_data.open(“myfile”); char ch; input_data.get(ch); // get one character...

8. Some other member functions of input streams: input_stream.peek(ch); // look ahead one char input_stream.unget(); // put the last char back Some member functions common to both input and output streams: input_stream.fail(); // stream op failed input_stream.eof(); // end of stream reached input_stream.close(); input_stream.open(“filename”);

9. Code fragment: char ch; ifstream input_stream; input_stream.open(“mydata”); input_stream.get(ch); // get one character if(‘0’<= ch and ch <= ‘9’) { input_stream.unget(); int n; input_stream >> n; } input_stream.close();

10. Output file streams (code fragment): #include... ofstream output_data(“myfile”); output_data << n << “_” << x << “\n”; output_data.put(ch); // write a single character output_data.close();...

11. Many compilers do not support string parameters to the open/close file function.... string s = “myfile”; ofstream output_data; output_data.open(s); // sometimes supported... output_data.open(s.c_str());... member function s.c_str() yields standard C character array

12. Example paths as strings in Unix:... string s = “/home/ugrad/hacker/myfile.dat”; s = “~hacker/myfile.dat”; // file in home directory s = “myfile.dat” // file in current directory On PC: string s = “C:\\hacker\\myfile.dat”; // corresponds with file C:\hacker\myfile.dat

13. File paths User could be prompted for a file name cout << “Type filename”; cin >> s; File name could be computed or concatenated: string homedir = “~”; s = homedir + “myfile” + “dat”;

14. String Streams #include istringstream: reads from a string ostringstream: writes to a string Has same interfaces as other stream classes, but allows read/write to a string object.

15. Code fragment:... string input = “January 23, 1955”; istringstream instr(input); // constructor string month,comma; int day,year; instr >> month >> day >> comma >> year;... C++ does the conversion from string to the other types.

16. #include int string_to_int(string s) { istringstream instr(s); // constructor int n; instr >> n; return n; }

17. #include string double_to_string(double a) { ostringstream outstr; // constructor outstr << a; return outstr.str(); // return string equiv. }

18. #include string double_to_string(double a) { ostringstream outstr; // constructor outstr << setprecision(5); // 5 places after decimal outstr << a; return outstr.str(); // return string equiv. } // double_to_string(sqrt(2)) returns “1.41421”;

19. Command Line Arguments There are different ways to start a program: –click on icon –type name of program and return the latter is called invoking the program from the command line.

20. Command Line Arguments You can include additional arguments on the command line; e.g., in Unix: ls -l make main g++ -Wall -ansi main.cpp -o main Usually, we interpret symbols preceded by - as options.

21. Arguments to C++ main function int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {... }

22. Example command line: myprog -v input.dat In this case argc == 3 string(argv[0]) == “myprog” string(argv[1]) == “-v” string(argv[2]) == “input.dat” argv[0] always gives the name of the program argc always >= 1

23. Number of command line arguments can vary: myprog -v input.dat myprog myprog -i -v input.dat -o output.dat argv[0] always gives the name of the program argc always >= 1 What is the value of argc in each of the cases above??

24. Caesar’s Encryption Algorithm Also known as Caesar’s Cipher. Scrample message via algorithm: –specify integer key k between 0 and 25 –to encrypt, shift each input character by k Example: k = 3, input = “ABCDEFG” output = “DEFGHIJ” To decrypt message, use key = -k

25. Program arguments optional -d flag indicates decryption rather than encryption optional encryption key -k input file name output file name Examples: crypt -k11 input.txt encrypt.txt crypt -d -k11 encrypt.txt output.txt

26. functions used usage(string program_name); open_file_error(string filename); remainder(int a, int n); encrypt(char ch, int k); encrypt_file(ifstream& in, ofstream& out, int k) string_to_int(string s); main(int argc, char *argv);

27. Main if argc 5 usage(string(argv[0])); exit; for all command line arguments if -d option, then set decrypt if -kn option, set key=n, otherwise key=3 if not option, input filename or output filename openfile (either infile or outfile) if(nfile != 2) usage(string(argv[0])); exit; if(decrypt) key = -key; encrypt_file(infile,outfile,key); infile.close(); outfile.close(); done;

28. void usage(string program_name) /* PURPOSE: Prints usage instructions RECEIVES: program_name - the name of this program */ { cout << "Usage: " << program_name << " [-d] [-kn] infile outfile\n"; exit(1); }

29. void open_file_error(string filename) /* PURPOSE: Prints file opening error message RECEIVES: filename - the name of the file that could not be opened */ { cout << "Error opening file " << filename << "\n"; exit(1); }

30. void encrypt_file(ifstream& in, ofstream& out, int k) /* PURPOSE: Encrypt a file using the Caesar cipher RECEIVES: in - the file to read from out- the file to write to k - the encryption key */ { char ch; while (in.get(ch)) out.put(encrypt(ch, k)); }

31. char encrypt(char ch, int k) /* PURPOSE: Encrypt a character using the Caesar cipher RECEIVES: ch - the character to encrypt k - the encryption key RETURNS: the encrypted character */ { const int NLETTER = 26; if ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z') return static_cast ('A' + remainder(ch - 'A' + k, NLETTER)); if ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z') return static_cast ('a' + remainder(ch - 'a' + k, NLETTER)); return ch; }

32. int remainder(int a, int n) /* PURPOSE: Compute correct remainder for negative dividend RECEIVES: a - an integer n - an integer > 0 RETURNS: the mathematically correct remainder r such that a - r is divisible by n and 0 <= r and r < n */ { if (a >= 0) return a % n; else return n - 1 - (-a - 1) % n; }

33. int string_to_int(string s) /* PURPOSE: Convert a string to an integer, e.g. "3" -> 3 RECEIVES: s - a string representing an integer RETURNS: the equivalent integer */ { istringstream instr(s); int n; instr >> n; return n; }

34. int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { bool decrypt = false; int key = 3; int nfile = 0; /* the number of files specified */ ifstream infile; ofstream outfile; if (argc 5) usage(string(argv[0]));

35. for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) { string arg = string(argv[i]); if (arg.length() >= 2 and arg[0] == '-') /* it is a command line option */ { char option = arg[1]; if (option == 'd') decrypt = true; else if (option == 'k') key = string_to_int(arg.substr(2, arg.length() - 2)); }

36. else { nfile++; if (nfile == 1) { infile.open(arg.c_str()); if (infile.fail()) open_file_error(arg); } else if (nfile == 2) { outfile.open(arg.c_str()); if (outfile.fail()) open_file_error(arg); }

37. if(nfile != 2) usage(string(argv[0])); if (decrypt) key = -key; encrypt_file(infile, outfile, key); infile.close(); outfile.close(); return 0; } // end of main