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Objectives Define integer exponents and exponential notation.
Define zero and negative exponents. Identify laws of exponents. Write numbers using scientific notation. Define nth roots and rational exponents. Define Rationalizing the Denominator

Exponential Notation an = a * a * a * a…* a (where there are n factors) The number a is the base and n is the exponent.

Zero and Negative Exponents
If a ≠ 0 is any real number and n is a positive integer, then a0 = 1 a-n = 1/an

Laws of Exponents aman = am+n am/ an = am – n (am)n = amn
When multiplying two powers of the same base, add the exponents. am/ an = am – n When dividing two powers of the same base, subtract the exponents. (am)n = amn When raising a power to a power, multiply the exponents.

Laws of Exponents (ab)n = anbn (a/b)n = an / bn (a/b)-n = (b/a)n
When raising a product to a power, raise each factor to the power. (a/b)n = an / bn When raising a quotient to a power, raise both the numerator and denominator to the power. (a/b)-n = (b/a)n When raising a quotient to a negative power, take the reciprocal and change the power to a positive. a-m / b-n = bm / an To simplify a negative exponent, move it to the opposite position in the fraction. The exponent then becomes positive.

nth root If n is any positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is defined as: If n is even, a and b must be positive.

Properties of nth roots

Rational Exponents For any rational exponent m/n in lowest terms, where m and n are integers and n>0, we define: If n is even, then we require that a ≥ 0.

The above symbol represents the positive or principal root of a number. The symbol represents the negative root of a number.

A square root of any positive number has two roots – one is positive and the other is negative. If a is a positive number, then is the positive square root of a and is the negative square root of a. Examples: non-real #

Simplifying Radicals The radicand has no factor raised to a power greater than or equal to the index number. The radicand has no fractions. No denominator contains a radical. Exponents in the radicand and the index of the radical have no common factor. All indicated operations have been performed

Simplify each expression: Simplify each radical first and then combine.

Rationalizing the Denominator
We don’t like to have radicals in the denominator, so we must rationalize to get rid of it. Rationalizing the denominator is multiplying the top and bottom of the expression by the radical you are trying to eliminate and then simplifying.

Rationalizing the denominator
This cannot be divided which leaves the radical in the denominator. We do not leave radicals in the denominator. So we need to rationalize by multiplying the fraction by something so we can eliminate the radical in the denominator. 42 cannot be simplified, so we are finished.

Home Work