1. Basics on Fiber optics Wavelength Visible Infrared Longer wavelength

2. Engineering Notation – Numbers ≥1 Abbreviation Units Prefix Multiplier Power of 10 T Tera- x 1,000,000,000,000 x 10 12 G Giga- x 1,000,000,000 x 10 9 M Mega- x 1,000,000 x 10 6 K Kilo- x 1,000 x 10 3 Engineers only use powers of ten that are multiples of 3.

3. Scientific Notation – Numbers ≥1 1,000,000,000 = 1 x 10 9 100,000,000 = 1 x 10 8 10,000,000 = 1 x 10 7 1,000,000 = 1 x 10 6 100,000 = 1 x 10 5 10,000 = 1 x 10 4 1,000 = 1 x 10 3 100 = 1 x 10 2 10 = 1 x 10 1 1 = 1 x 10 0 Multiplier Power of Ten

4. Engineering Notation – Numbers <1 m milli- µ micro- n nano- p pico- = x 10 -3 = x 10 -6 = x 10 -9 = x 10 -12 Abbrev. Units Prefix Multiplier Power of 10 Engineers only use powers of ten that are multiples of 3.

5. Basic frequency breakdown Radio waves up to 1GHz Microwaves up to 150 THz Light up to 1500 THz X-Ray up to 500,000 THz Gamma rays above that

6. Wavelengths A wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given Frequency. It is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Examples of wave-like phenomena are light, water, waves in the ocean, and sound waves. The wavelength is related to the frequency by the formula: wavelength = wave speed / frequency. Wavelength is therefore inversely proportional to frequency. Waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths. Lower frequencies have longer wavelengths, assuming the speed of the wave is the same.

9. Types of fiber cable Multimode – 850 nm (nano-meters) Single mode 1550 nm Basic components of Fiber Buffer/coating Cladding Core Multimode Wavelength: (λ) [850 μm] Frequency: (352.94118) [GHz] 1300 um230.76923 [GHz] Singlemode 1310 um229.00763 [GHz] 1550 um193.54839 [GHz]

10. Engineering Notation – Numbers <1 m milli- µ micro- n nano- p pico- = x 10 -3 = x 10 -6 = x 10 -9 = x 10 -12 Abbrev. Units Prefix Multiplier Power of 10 Engineers only use powers of ten that are multiples of 3.

11. Light path within a fiber

13. Types of Fiber and there output

18. Plastic versus glass POF has been called the "consumer" optical fiber because the fiber and associated optical links, connectors, and installation are all inexpensive. The traditional plastic fibers are commonly used for low- speed, short-distance (up to 100 meters) applications in digital home appliances, home networks, industrial networks (PROFIBUS, PROFINET), and car networks. Glass - This fiber has a core made of germania-doped silica. Although the actual cost of glass fibers are lower than plastic fiber, their installed cost is much higher due to the special handling and installation techniques required but, greater distances and higher bandwidth are provided---

19. Qualifier – in labs now Thanks to a new technique for data transmission, they have actually succeeded in transmitting one gigabit per second over a 100 meter long test route in the laboratory – without errors or flickering on the screen. Thanks to quadrature amplitude modulation with up to 256 signal states, the so-called bandwidth efficiency measured in bits per second and hertz can be increased significantly,” explained Sebastian Randel, project manager at Siemens Corporate Technology. Thanks to their algorithm, the researchers could finally transmit exactly 1008 megabits per second through a polymer fiber cable.

20. Single mode versus Multimode Single mode up to 40Gbs with WDM harder to terminate Factory recommend terminations Long haul applications Mulitmode up to Gbs speeds on site termination Gigabit to 275m to 2km Modal dispersion limits multimode fiber use to relatively short runs--typically no more than a few hundred meters at gigabit ethernet

21. Video transceivers $69.50 10/ 100 Media Converter $735 10/100/1000 Media Converters

22. Campus configuration 62.5 multimode between closets Some composite cables strands vary between 6 and 24 count Telecom closet to server farm Telecom closet – switches Switches to workstations – copper FTTD? when

23. SONET – at a very high level State wide system Singlemode OC 3 or higher depending on leg SONET rings, known as "self-healing rings," use two or more transmission paths between network nodes, which are typically digital cross-connects (DCSs) or add/drop multiplexers (ADMs). If there is a break in one line, the other may still be available, providing the second is not in close proximity to the first and also damaged.

24. All data are transmitted on the working or active path, while the standby path (protection path) lies in waiting. When a failure in the active path occurs, the two network nodes affected immediately switch to the standby line.

25. Multiplexing WMD (no not that WMD) Multiplexing of multiple optical carriers by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. WDM wavelengths are positioned in a grid having exactly 100 GHz (about 0.8nm) spacing in optical frequency, with a reference frequency fixed at 193.10 GHz (1552.52nm). Modern systems can handle up to 160 signals and can thus expand a basic 10 Gbs fiber system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbs over a single fiber pair. Form of FDM Reference is made to the varying wavelength of the laser light rather than frequency A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the signals together, and a de-multiplexer at the receiver to split them apart.

26. DWDM DWDM works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber. In effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers. Currently, because of DWDM, single fibers have been able to transmit data at speeds up to 400Gb/s. Commercial systems capable of carrying 128 signals, DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation The difference between WDM and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is fundamentally one of only degree. DWDM spaces the wavelengths more closely than does WDM, and therefore has a greater overall capacity.