1. Nahual at first glance. FOCAL PLANE WHEEL. -ADC -IMAGE SLICER -SLIT APERTURES Detector Intermediate focal plane Off axis parabola ECHELLE GRATING TURRET FOLDER MIRROR CROSS DISPERSION UNIT CAMERA (Three Mirrors+ Corrector) Off axis parabola CRYOSTAT ENTRANCE CALIBRATION GAS CELL Nahual is an echelle high resolution spectrograph driven by RV science programs. High stability and reliable operation is obtained minimizing mechanisms and in a cryogenic environment. It basic mode will allow seeing limited operation for reliability. Nahual will be moved behind the telescope AO system once is fully operational.

2. Nahual at first glance. PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS Science Modes. Supplied with the grating turret. High resolution 1. Grating 32.2 lin/mm at 63º (R=41582). Almost complete J,H and K coverage. High resolution 2. Grating 41.6 lin/mm at 76º (R=84969). Partial J,H and K coverage. High resolution 3. Grating 31.6 lin/mm at 76º (R=84969). Partial J,H and K coverage. Low resolution mode. Flat mirror instead of echelle. J (R=1500), H (1000) and K (500). Spectral performance 80% of the incident light from the slit on the detector in two pixels. Resolution element. Two pixels Peak efficiencies for the HR mode 42% Mean efficiencies for the LR mode 53% These efficiencies are without the detector Focal plane aperture. For the seeing limited mode 0.525”x0.6125” For the AO mode 0.175”x 1.84” arc sec Other main characteristics Plate scale 0.175” arc sec/pixel Atmospheric Dispersor Corrector unit Calibration Gas Cell unit Image slicer for seeing limited mode IR slit viewing unit for pointing

3. GTC TELESCOPE Nahual Optical Design 3rd NAHUAL meeting Dornburg/Saale Ernesto Sánchez-Blanco Eduardo Martín Eike Guenther NAHUAL

4. Summary Introduction Requirements Baseline optical design -Optical subsystems and performances -Atmospheric dispersor corrector trade off. -Cross dispersion unit trade off Nahual Upgrade study Optical Management Current phase. Scope and schedule Next phase. Scope and schedule Update to optics cost Work in progress

5. INTRODUCTION  Nahual evolution path. First Design. Tauttenburg 2005 Single Pass Cross Dispersion 2Kx2K detector F3.5 Camera Current Design for first light. IAC 2006 Improving image quality Double Pass Cross Dispersion (Two prisms) 2Kx2K detector F3.5 Camera Nahual Upgrade for AO operation. Double Pass Cross Dispersion (could be increased: Three prisms) Change to 4Kx4K detector (Not a gain) Change to F7 Camera (Not a gain)  Nahual baseline design will start operation in a seeing limited scenario Untill the GTC-AO system is available.

6. REQUIREMENTS I  Maximize flux entrance for seeing limited operation. Minimum 0.525”x0.525”. (current design allows a 0.525”x0.6175” aperture)  Maximize spectral stability (minimize mechanisms).  Spectral range: J,H and K bands (goal to include Y band)  Resolution: Above 40000 (goal 75000). 4Kx4K Detector J BAND H BAND K BAND 2.4002 MICRONS 2.3275 MICRONS 1.9695 MICRONS 1.8290 MICRONS 1.7865 MICRONS 1.3965 MICRONS 1.3715 MICRONS 1.4770 MICRONS 1.129 MICRONS

7. REQUIREMENTS II  Optimize detector. (use 2 pixels per spectral resolution element)  Plate scale at detector 0.175” arc second per resolution element (2 pixels).  The telescope provides a F#15.6 (circumscribed pupil, or F17 in inscribed pupil.  2Kx2K HgCdTe Hawaii Detector with 18 micron pixels.  Nominal spectral resolution performance without AO system.

8. BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT: white pupil FP: Focal plane OAP: Off axis parabola FLD: Folder mirror FIRST STAGE: HIGH DISPERSIONSECOND STAGE: CROSS DISPERSION FP1 FP2 FP3 OAP1 OAP2 OAP3 CAM ECHELLE CROSS DISP FLD1

9. BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN: CURRENT DESIGN LAYOUT FP1 FP3 FP2 OAP1, OAP2 ECHELLE TURRET FLD1 P3 CROSS DISP CAM (Three Mirrors+ Corrector) OAP3 FP: Focal plane OAP: Off axis parabola FLD: Folder mirror CRYOSTAT ENTRANCE

10.  For GTC Nasmyth platform.  F15.6 beam from telescope, seeing limited or AO corrected PRE-FOCAL PLANE  Atmospheric Dispersor Corrector  Image slicer  Gas cell calibration unit AUXILIARY SUBSISTEMS  IR guiding unit for object pointing and tracking  Telescope A&G unit for VIS pointing.  Telescope Instrument calibration module for spectral flat field and low Res spectroscopy. BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN: DESIGN SUMMARY I

11. SPECTROGRAPH  The spectral resolution element is in two pixels. Collimator/Echelle pupil/Camera  Focal length 1700mm.  Off axis parabola, F# 15.6.  Estimated transmission 97% (without echelle). Echelle Pupil  Size 109 mm  Standard echelle sizes are 128mmx254mm and 204mmx410mm depending on the grating (blazed at 63º or 76º). Folder mirror/Second stage collimator  Focal length 1700mm  Refractive, F# 15.6.  Estimated transmission 97% BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN: DESIGN SUMMARY II

12. Cross dispersion/white pupil  Double pass design. Needs a mirror.  Can accommodate up to three prisms.  Estimated transmission 83% Camera  Focal length 381.4mm (F#=3.5)  Three mirrors, one spherical and two aspherics. One lens as corrector  Estimated transmission 91% Mechanisms within the cryostat  Focal plane wheel with fixed positions.  Echelle wheel, with a position for each grating plus one mirror (4 positions). BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN: DESIGN SUMMARY II

13. Science modes.  High resolution 1 (41000). Almost complete J,H and K coverage.  High resolution 2 (85000). Partial J,H and K coverage.  High resolution 3 (85000). Partial J,H and K coverage.  Low resolution mode. J (R=1500), H (1000) and K (500). Image quality  80% of the energy arriving at the detector from the slit will fall on two pixels.  Transmission (rough estimation)  42% for the first light design BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN: PERFORMANCE SUMMARY SUBSYSTEMTRANSMISSION (HR mode) GAS CELL (4 air-glass interfaces)0.922 ADC (6 air-glass interfaces)0.886 IMAGE SLICER (To be designed)0.922* MAIN OPTICS, 4 reflections (no camera) 0.94 ECHELLE GRATING (peak efficiency)0.8 CROSS DISPERSION UNIT (3 air glass-1 mirror) 0.83 CAMERA0.91 TOTAL0.427

14. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT I. The ADC unit shall correct the differential atmospheric refraction effect for the J,H and K bands. Angle from Zenith in degrees J BAND position in arc seconds H BAND (1.6 microns) position in arc seconds K BAND (2.2 microns) position in arc seconds 0000 1500.01000.0200 3000.02500.0430 4000.03600.0620 5000.05100.0880 5500.06100.1060 6000.07400.1280 6500.09100.1580 7000.11700.2020 7500.15700.2730 8000.23500.4080 8200.29000.5030 8400.37500.6510 8600.52200.9070 Top. Refraction dispersion at 81º of elevation Left. Refraction effect for different elevations

15. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT II. Requirements: The image on the entrance slit will not have chromatic aberrations larger than 0.06” arc seconds to allow the observation of double or multiple science targets from zenith of 50º. Trade Off analysis was done regarding the following criteria. Adjustable unit (one mechanism required). Fixed unit (an error of correction in requirements within an elevation range. Three designs were worked (two warm and one cold).

16. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT III. Adjustable versus fixed unit. Mechanism issues. Emissivity for continuous units The preference of the trade Off result is to have a fixed cold ADC removable unit in the focal plane wheel. Photon flux per nanometer per second per squared arc second at the instrument focal plane Telescope emissivity=0.1 ADC emissivity=0.15 Sky emissivity at K=0.134 at 230Kelvin

17. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT IV. Proposed concept. Cold within the cryostat. To be assembled in a cylinder 25mmx25mm at the focal plane wheel.

18. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT IV. ADC Performance. From 0º to 21º no ADC in the optical path. Start operation at 21º of elevation. Insert ADC. End of the correction range within requirement 51º. ADC Performance at 21º (left), 39º (center) and 51º (right). The circle is the airy pattern at 1.5 microns (50 microns diameter) Extreme wavelengths are 1.13 and 2.42 (J and K band edges).

19. ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. High Res mode. Spectral coverage I Three gratings with fixed positions are considered plus a mirror for low resolution (cross dispersion) spectroscopy. One grating at R=41000 Two gratings at R=85000

20. ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage II a=63º (at litrow) b=+-2.76º are the edges of the detector d=23.2-1 mm/lin grating lines per milimeter n= diffraction order.

21. ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage III Efficiency through the field for a single order On the top wavelenght coverages On the left experimental results for grating 23.2 lin/mm at order 39 (K band) Peak efficiency 80% (variable with order).

22. ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage IV Top: efficiency at J band in Order 80. As we move to higher orders The peak efficiency decrease Bottom: Relative envelopes for different orders normalized at the peak. Quotation: Zerodur gold coated 63º blazed (128mmx254mm) 48.200 euros 76º blazed (204mmx410mm) 79.500 euros

23. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT I. Trade Off analysis Required spectral dispersion 18+2 pixels between the closest adjacent orders (32-33 of K band). This allows a minimum point source FOV of 0.525”x0.525” arc seconds 7 options were analyzed, in single, double pass, symmetrical and non symmetrical prisms.

24. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT Trade Off summary. COMPARATIVE DESIGN CHART Design type (Prism number) Cross Dispersion Power between orders 32 and 33 (in pixels) Blank number (22000 eu price/blank) Prism number (10000 *price/ prism) In double pass mirror 6000 eu mirror included Total price (euros) Pixels between J- 1.129 K- 2.400 microns Average Transmission 0.985 air/glass 0.99 absorp./prism (0,99 mirror used) Single pass 3 prisms 17.04339600089188% Double pass asymmetric 2 prisms 17.73124800097084% Single pass 4 prisms 22.1744128000117485% Double pass asymmetric 3 prisms 22.772380000133377% Double pass symmetric 2 prisms 23.612270000125584% Double pass asymmetric 4 prisms 32.22494000Vigt-71% Double pass symmetric 3 prisms 36.833102000204777%

25. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT Trade Off summary. Analyzed Options

26. CROSS DISPERSION Trade Off summary.

27. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT II Two ZnSe prisms and a mirror Or two prisms, with one silvered side. Benefits of the double pass design Twice the dispersion of single pass (with the same number of prisms) Better AIV process Upgradeable number of prisms and more room available Problems of the double pass design Slightly larger mirrors in the camera A light astigmatism is introduced because the path is not exactly symmetric.

28. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT III 23 pixels between the orders 32 and 33 allowing a 0.61”x0.525” FOV with two pixels left dark before starting with the next order Two prisms double pass coverage

29. CROSS DISPERSION UNIT IV Quotations: Per ZnSe prism blank: 22.400 EU/blank Per ZnSe prism manufacture and coating: 15.000 EU/piece

30. LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Spectral coverage I Bottom: Spot diagram of the dispersion due to the ZnSe Prisms alone. Select the mirror instead of the echelles in the grating turret. Dispersion is due to the ZnSe prisms. 1 MICRON 1.05 MICRON 1.2 MICRON 1.25 MICRON 1.4 MICRON 1.5 MICRON 1.8 MICRON 1.9 MICRON 2.3 MICRON 2.4 MICRON

31. LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Spectral resolution Bottom: Resolution considering an aperture of 0.175” (two pixels). The current satandard aperture is 0.612” (7 pixels) wide. For optimum performance a new aperture/slicer would be required for this mode. Resolution summary (2 pixels) J band 1500 H band 1000 K band 500

32. LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Image quality Within requirements for the full J, H and K bands. Significant degradation out of these bands Image quality (Box is 2 pixels wide) Circles are Airy disk On Top the wavelengths

33. CAMERA. Off axis aspherical. Centered sphere. ZnSe corrector. Spherical surfaces 80mm diameter 25mm thickness

34. CAMERA. Mirror size Quotations: Pending contacts with manufacturers M1:280x 220M2:180x 150 M3:280x 220 Maximum size did not increase relative to the original design. No vignetting in J,H and K. Light vignetting out of these bands

35. IMAGE QUALITY I. Good unvignetted image quality in J,H and K bands (two prisms double pass) Worse image in I band. To be optimized in the next iteration. K BAND H BAND J BAND

36. IMAGE QUALITY II. K BAND Box size is 2 pixelsx2 pixels Circle: Airy disk EER 80%=16.2 microns EER 80%=15.6 microns EER 80%=16.9 microns

37. IMAGE QUALITY II. Enclosed energy in two pixels Convoluted slit with the psf (geometrical + diffraction). J and H bands over 80% in two pixels K band 76% EES in two pixels K BAND

38. UPGRADE PATH GTC CASSEGRAIN FOCUS GTC ADAPTIVE OPTICS CORRECTOR ADC NAHUALGTCAO K SYSTEM DERROTATOR NAHUAL DM MIRROR

39. UPGRADE PATH NAHUAL WILL BE READY TO BE USED WITH AO GAINING S/N AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION AS SOON AS THE TELESCOPE AO IS AVAILABLE.  We can remove Nahual ADC.  Changing the image slicer by a single “long slit” (0.175”x 1.837”).  We leave room to allocate a third prism in the cross dispersion unit. EXPECTED PERFORMANCES ARE STILL TO BE EVALUATED  The single object will cover an area about (0.175”x0.175”) against the 0.525”x0.615” of the seeing limited aperture. This is a factor 5 regarding S/N gain due to sky background. BUT…  The AO system will loose light through its path (83% transmission).  The AO system is warm, so at the K band an increase of emissivity (around 0.25) for the full system is expected.  So the final increase in s/n will be lower (probably a factor 2 or 3).

40. UPGRADE PATH RESULTS OF THE ANALISYS OF UPGRADING WITH A NEW DETECTOR AND CAMERA. ¿WHY IS NOT USEFULL?  Original idea was to use the grating of R=40000 at double resolution changing the detector in a 4Kx4K, doubling the camera focal length and reducing the slit aperture to half the current one (to 88 mas). F7 CAMERA 4KX4K DETECTOR Design originally done to consider future envelopes needs

41. UPGRADE PATH All the concept is right considering we are able to maintain the spectral resolution element (the image of the slit) in two pixels. But that is the problem. The diffraction of the spot at K band does not allow to put all the light in two pixels. Increasing the camera focal length has to be discarded. First Light Design. F3.5 cameraUpgraded Design. F7 camera Boxes are 2 pixels wide. The slit is projected geometrically in a bit less than two pixels. Circles are the Airy disks at the shown wavelengths (K band edge).

42. UPGRADE PATH Real^2= Slit Projection^2+ Psf aberration^2+diffraction^2 With the current camera, the heaviest contribution is that of the Slit projection. Real=41 microns for 36 microns in two pixels. 31 microns, is the geometrical projection of 175 mas slit on the detector. 18 microns, are the geometrical aberrations (in 1 pixel aprox). 20.5 microns is the Airy disk diameter. (K band edge) But if we reduce the slit to 88mas, and double the camera focal lenght twice to sample this aperture with two pixels, the values will be Real=54 microns. These are exactly 3 pixels. 31 microns, is the geometrical projection of 88 mas slit on the detector. (half slit but double camera focal lenght) 18 microns, are the geometrical aberrations (in 1 pixel aprox). (this is a reasonable value we could obtain in a more optimized design) 41 microns is the Airy disk diameter. (the Airy is doubled in size on the detector, because we doubled the camera focal lenght)

43. UPGRADE PATH CONCLUSIONS Upgrading with a longer focal length camera results in a limited performance. Upgrading just with a detector has the following problems. Severe vignetting could be unavoidable with the current anastigmatic design. Large marginal angles (twice the current ones) will be responsible of low diffraction efficiencies in a single order within the new detector area. Considering the cost of this upgrade with the benefits, it seems not to be worth doing them.

44. OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PHASE Schedule September 2005-September 2006 Resources: 360h for optical design SCOPE for the conceptual optical design. The idea is to have a realistic proporsal from the point of view of manufacturing, cost and that meets the scientific requirements. All the work has to be documented to create and archive and define subsystems and interfaces. The scope is planned in a series of documented tasks (next slide).

45. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN TASKPROGRESS Original Design Documentation. Performances and improvements Done. Doc: NahualBaselineOpticalDesing Scientific Requirements and subsystemsDone. Doc:NahualRequirements To understand Nahual RequirementsDone (Eike) Doc: Nahual Science and Basic Understanding ADC need and trade off type.Done Doc: NahualCorrectorTradeOff ADC designDone Doc: NahualCorrectorOpticalDesign Cross dispersion update and trade offDone Doc: NahualCrossDispersionTradeOff Nahual Image Slicer trade offIn progress Nahual Error budgetIn progress Nahual Conceptual Optical Design The summary and proposed design In progress Contact with main manufacturers (cost, schedule) Cross dispersion unitDone EchellesDone Reflective optics: OAPs and CameraPending

46. OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE Schedule to be confirmed: September 2006-September 2007 Resources: 540h for optical design SCOPE for the preliminary design. Every aspect of the design will be modeled or tested to guarantee that the solution will be ready for final manufacturing drawings. Manufacture contacts with more than one supplier should be done.

47. OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE TASK Thermal analysis: Main optics, ADC, cross dispersion unit. Two files, for manufacturing, and for operation. Optical optimization. Ghost analysis. ADC, Cross dispersor and main optics. Stray light analysis. Baffling and Emissivity issues. Nahual Error budget. Image quality update. Nahual Error budget. Thermal/image stability. Associated systems. A&G IR imaging unit Associated systems. Gas cell optical effects. Alignment Integration and Verification. Preliminary Procedure and tools. Coating performances. Manufacture and tests. Preliminary Optical Design. Interface definition Contact with manufacturers Manufacturing issues and updates.

48. OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: OPTICS COST OPTICAL SYSTEM METHODCOST (euros) Two OAPs Camera 3 EchelleQuotation50000 (63º)/80000 (76º) Cross Dispersion Unit Quotation75000 ADCEstimation10000 A&G IR Autoguide Image Slicer(design pending)

49. WORK IN PROGRESS Scope: To have a complete conceptual design well documented in September of 2006 regarding the optical design. Tasks under progress but not ready for today. Image slicer design. Image quality error budget (fabrication and alignment tolerances). Camera and OPAs manufacturer contact and quotations

50. IMAGE SLICER I. Seeing statistics at La Palma FWHM at V band it the GTC site. 50% of the time the seeing is under 0.69” arc seconds. 80% of the time the seeing is under 0.9” arc seconds.

51. IMAGE SLICER II. Seeing at J,H and K bands Measured FWHM R 0 (0.5microns) R 0 (1.25 microns) R 0 (1.6 microns) R 0 (2.2 microns) 50% Percentile0.69”0.146 mts0.438 mts0.589 mts0.864 mts 80% Percentile0.9”0.112 mts0.336 mts0.452 mts0.663 mts FWHM (50% time)FWHM (80% time) Lambda 1.25, J band0.57”0.75” Lambda 1.6,H band0.55”0.71” Lambda 2.2, K band0.51”0.67” Top: R 0 scaling with lambda Top: Expected FWHM values at J,H and K bands at 50% and 80% of the time.

52. IMAGE SLICER III. Aperture is limited in the telescope seeing mode by the cross dispersion. Simple devices can be designed with three slices (0.175” arc seconds slits) The aperture for the proposed design is 0.6125”x0.525” A model of the flux entering the aperture is on the way. Early estimations are >80% Of the flux, 50% of the time.

53. IMAGE SLICER IV. A trade off analysis regarding the different options is in course. Simple cryogenic devices are preferred. It will be placed in the focal plane wheel. Pupil position and plate scale should be maintained for a straight AO operation. Many options are initially available. Those identified that will be analyzed are: -Lenslet array with fiber link and pseudo slit. -Lenslet array -Reflective. Richardson -Reflective. Micromirrors -Refractive. Waveguide. Suto & Takami -Refractive. Other waveguide modifications -Refractive. Bowen – Walraven (standard, confocal and modifications) -Refractive. Plate Tilting A real test of the final design has to be done in cold if the assembly has not been previously reported.

54. ERROR BUDGET I. Preliminary analysis has been done considering a 10% mean degradation over the nominal design. This analysis has to be updated. Optical manufacture and alignment tolerances indicate the need of compensators. The sensitivity analysis pointed the camera as the mayor offender of the system. The considered compensators are  Detector: piston and tilts.  Camera: M3 decenter and tilt. These compensators are used during the alignment of the instrument, and will work regarding symmetrical aberrations (spherical and focus), and non symmetrical ones (astigmatism and coma). To validate the procedure contact with companies are needed regarding the manufacturing tolerances.

55. A 50 Monte Carlo run with the considered compensators being evaluated in diffraction ensquared energy. This evaluation was done for the camera alone to consider a complete manufacturer assembly.

56. Camara pru1 SILICA, dia 95mm Other Possible Cameras