1. MATERI GENETIK, ALUR INFORMASI GENETIK DAN EKSPRESI GEN

2. THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL The genetic material is consisted of : Chromosomes Genes called as NUCLEOPROTEIN reside along the chromosome

3. KROMOSOM Jumlah kromosom Setiap sel somatik mengandung satu set kromosom yg diwariskan dr induk maternal (betina) dan satu set kromosom pasangannya (kromosom homolog) dr induk paternal (jantan) Set rangkap disebut DIPLOID (2n) Sel kelamin atau gamet (1/2 dr sel somatis, HAPLOID (n)

4. Chromosomes The essential part of a chromosome is a single very long strand of DNA. This DNA contains all the genetic information for creating and running the organism. The DNA is supported and neatly packaged by proteins bound to it. At different times, these proteins cause the DNA to be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl, or tightly condensed into the X-shaped chromosomes we can see in the microscope. Each chromosome has a central constricted region called a centromere that serves as an attachment point for the machinery of mitosis.

5. Morfologi Kromosom

6. Chromosome in general (size, shape and number) -Diploid organisms = 2n -Two copies of autosomes with sex chromosomes -diploid organisms have two cell-types somatic cells = body’s cells germ cells = gametes -human bodies ~= 10 14 cells many cell divisions => mitosis -sexual reproduction require haploid (n) cells => meiosis Human chromosomes = 22 pairs of autosomes + sex chromosome (XX or XY)

9. Double helix DNA

17. GENE EXPRESSION DNA RNA PROTEIN CELL EFFECTTISSUE ORGANISM POPULATION BIOSPHERIC PHENOTYPE

18. DNA DNA Replication RNAPROTEIN Transcription Translation CENTRAL DOGMA Francis Crick, 1958

21. TRANSCRIPTION

22. REMOVALOF INTRONS