4. 15.31 For each of the following reactions, identify the Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases:

5. 15.32 The following pictures represent aqueous solutions of three acids HA(A = X, Y, or Z); water molecules have been omitted for clarity:
(a)
What is the conjugate base of each acid?
Arrange the three acids in order of increasing acid strength.
Which acid, if any, is a strong acid?
Which acid has the smallest value of
What is the percent dissociation in the solution of HZ?
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

6. 15.33 Which of the following pictures represents a solution of a weak diprotic acid H2A (Water molecules are omitted for clarity.) Which pictures represent an impossible situation? Explain.

7. 15.34 Which of the following pictures best represents an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid? Explain. (Water molecules have been omitted for clarity.)

8. 15.35 The following pictures represent aqueous solutions of three acids HA (A = X, Y, or Z); water molecules have been omitted for clarity:
Which conjugate base (A = X, Y, or Z) has the largest value of Kb?
Which A ion is the weakest base?

9. 15.36 The following pictures represent solutions of three salts NaA (A = X, Y, or Z); water molecules and Na+ ions have been omitted for clarity:
(a)
Arrange the three A anions in order of increasing base strength.
Which A anion has the strongest conjugate acid?
Why does each box contain the same number of HA molecules and OH anions?
(b)
(c)

10. 15.37 Locate sulfur, selenium, chlorine, and bromine in the periodic table:
Which binary acid (H2S, H2Se, HCl, or HBr) is the strongest? Which is the weakest? Explain.
Which oxoacid (H2SO3, H2SeO3, HClO3, or HBrO3) is the strongest? Which is the weakest? Explain.
(b)

11. 15.38 Look at the electron-dot structures of the following molecules and ions:
Which of these molecules and ions can behave as a Brønsted–Lowry acid? Which can behave as a Brønsted–Lowry base?
Which can behave as a Lewis acid? Which can behave as a Lewis base?
(b)

12. 15. 39. The reaction of PCl4+ with Cl is a Lewis acid–base reaction
15.39 The reaction of PCl4+ with Cl is a Lewis acid–base reaction. Draw electron-dot structures for the reactants and products, and use the curved arrow notation (Section ) to represent the donation of a lone pair of electrons from the Lewis base to the Lewis acid.