1. 18-1 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 18 Acid-Base Equilibria

2. 18-2 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acid-Base Equilibria 18.1 Acids and Bases in Water 18.2 Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale 18.3 Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition 18.4 Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria 18.5 Weak Bases and Their Relations to Weak Acids 18.6 Molecular Properties and Acid Strength 18.7 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions 18.8 Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition

3. 18-3 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.2 Strong acid: HA( g or l ) + H 2 O( l ) H 2 O + ( aq ) + A - ( aq ) The extent of dissociation for strong acids.

4. 18-4 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.3 The extent of dissociation for weak acids. Weak acid: HA( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 2 O + ( aq ) + A - ( aq )

5. 18-5 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Acid-Dissociation Constant Weak acids dissociate very slightly into ions in water. Strong acids dissociate completely into ions in water. HA( g or l ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + A - ( aq ) HA( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + A - ( aq ) K c >> 1 K c << 1 K c = [H 3 O + ][A - ] [H 2 O][HA] K c [H 2 O] = K a = [H 3 O + ][A - ] [HA] stronger acid higher [H 3 O + ] larger K a smaller K a lower [H 3 O + ] weaker acid

6. 18-6 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.1 SOLUTION: Classifying Acid and Base Strength from the Chemical Formula PROBLEM:Classify each of the following compounds as a strong acid, weak acid, strong base, or weak base. (a) H 2 SeO 4 (b) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOOH(c) KOH(d) (CH 3 ) 2 CHNH 2 PLAN:Pay attention to the text definitions of acids and bases. Look at O for acids as well as the -COOH group; watch for amine groups and cations in bases. (a) Strong acid - H 2 SeO 4 - the number of O atoms exceeds the number of ionizable protons by 2. (b) Weak acid - (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOOH is an organic acid having a -COOH group. (c) Strong base - KOH is a Group 1A(1) hydroxide. (d) Weak base - (CH 3 ) 2 CHNH 2 has a lone pair of electrons on the N and is an amine.

7. 18-7 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq )OH - ( aq ) + +

8. 18-8 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. K c = [H 3 O + ][OH - ] [H 2 O] 2 K c [H 2 O] 2 =[H 3 O + ][OH - ] The Ion-Product Constant for Water K w = A change in [H 3 O + ] causes an inverse change in [OH - ]. = 1.0 x 10 -14 at 25 0 C H 2 O( l ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + OH - ( aq ) In an acidic solution, [H 3 O + ] > [OH - ] In a basic solution, [H 3 O + ] < [OH - ] In a neutral solution, [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ]

9. 18-9 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.4 The relationship between [H 3 O + ] and [OH - ] and the relative acidity of solutions. [H 3 O + ][OH - ] Divide into K w ACIDIC SOLUTION BASIC SOLUTION [H 3 O + ] > [OH - ] [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ][H 3 O + ] < [OH - ] NEUTRAL SOLUTION

10. 18-10 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.2Calculating [H 3 O + ] and [OH - ] in an Aqueous Solution PROBLEM:A research chemist adds a measured amount of HCl gas to pure water at 25 0 C and obtains a solution with [H 3 O + ] = 3.0x10 -4 M. Calculate [OH - ]. Is the solution neutral, acidic, or basic? SOLUTION: PLAN:Use the K w at 25 0 C and the [H 3 O + ] to find the corresponding [OH - ]. K w = 1.0x10 -14 = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] so [OH - ] = K w / [H 3 O + ] = 1.0x10 -14 /3.0x10 -4 = [H 3 O + ] is > [OH - ] and the solution is acidic. 3.3x10 -11 M

11. 18-11 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.5 The pH values of some familiar aqueous solutions. pH = -log [H 3 O + ]

12. 18-12 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 18.1 The Relationship Between K a and pK a Acid Name (Formula)K a at 25 0 CpK a Hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO 4 - ) 1.02x10 -2 Nitrous acid (HNO 2 ) Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) Hypobromous acid (HBrO) Phenol (C 6 H 5 OH) 7.1x10 -4 1.8x10 -5 2.3x10 -9 1.0x10 -10 1.991 3.15 4.74 8.64 10.00

13. 18-13 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.6 The relations among [H 3 O + ], pH, [OH - ], and pOH.

14. 18-14 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.3Calculating [H 3 O + ], pH, [OH - ], and pOH PROBLEM:In an art restoration project, a conservator prepares copper- plate etching solutions by diluting concentrated HNO 3 to 2.0M, 0.30M, and 0.0063M HNO 3. Calculate [H 3 O + ], pH, [OH - ], and pOH of the three solutions at 25 0 C. SOLUTION: PLAN:HNO 3 is a strong acid so [H 3 O + ] = [HNO 3 ]. Use K w to find the [OH - ] and then convert to pH and pOH. For 2.0M HNO 3, [H 3 O + ] = 2.0M and -log [H 3 O + ] = -0.30 = pH [OH - ] = K w / [H 3 O + ] = 1.0x10 -14 /2.0 = 5.0x10 -15 M; pOH = 14.30 [OH - ] = K w / [H 3 O + ] = 1.0x10 -14 /0.30 = 3.3x10 -14 M; pOH = 13.48 For 0.3M HNO 3, [H 3 O + ] = 0.30M and -log [H 3 O + ] = 0.52 = pH [OH - ] = K w / [H 3 O + ] = 1.0x10 -14 /6.3x10 -3 = 1.6x10 -12 M; pOH = 11.80 For 0.0063M HNO 3, [H 3 O + ] = 0.0063M and -log [H 3 O + ] = 2.20 = pH

15. 18-15 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.7 Methods for measuring the pH of an aqueous solution. pH (indicator) paper pH meter

16. 18-16 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.8 Proton transfer as the essential feature of a Brønsted- Lowry acid-base reaction. (acid, H + donor)(base, H + acceptor) HClH2OH2O + Cl - H3O+H3O+ + Lone pair binds H + (base, H + acceptor)(acid, H + donor) NH 3 H2OH2O + NH 4 + OH - + Lone pair binds H +

17. 18-17 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition An acid-base reaction can now be viewed from the standpoint of the reactants AND the products. An acid reactant will produce a base product and the two will constitute an acid-base conjugate pair. An acid is a proton donor, any species which donates a H +. A base is a proton acceptor, any species which accepts a H +.

18. 18-18 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 18.2 The Conjugate Pairs in Some Acid-Base Reactions BaseAcid+ Base+ Conjugate Pair Reaction 4H 2 PO 4 - OH - + Reaction 5H 2 SO 4 N2H5+N2H5+ + Reaction 6HPO 4 2- SO 3 2- + Reaction 1HFH2OH2O+F-F- H3O+H3O+ + Reaction 3NH 4 + CO 3 2- + Reaction 2HCOOHCN - +HCOO - HCN+ NH 3 HCO 3 - + HPO 4 2- H2OH2O+ HSO 4 - N 2 H 6 2+ + PO 4 3- HSO 3 - +

19. 18-19 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.4Identifying Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs PROBLEM:The following reactions are important environmental processes. Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs. (a) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + CO 3 2- ( aq ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + HCO 3 - ( aq ) (b) H 2 O( l ) + SO 3 2- ( aq ) OH - ( aq ) + HSO 3 - ( aq ) SOLUTION: PLAN:Identify proton donors (acids) and proton acceptors (bases). (a) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + CO 3 2- ( aq ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + HCO 3 - ( aq ) proton donor proton acceptor proton donor conjugate pair 1 conjugate pair 2 (b) H 2 O( l ) + SO 3 2- ( aq ) OH - ( aq ) + HSO 3 - ( aq ) conjugate pair 2 conjugate pair 1 proton donor proton acceptor proton donor

20. 18-20 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.5Predicting the Net Direction of an Acid-Base Reaction PROBLEM:Predict the net direction and whether K a is greater or less than 1 for each of the following reactions (assume equal initial concentrations of all species): (b) H 2 O( l ) + HS - ( aq ) OH - ( aq ) + H 2 S( aq ) (a) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + NH 3 ( aq ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + NH 4 + ( aq ) SOLUTION: PLAN:Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs and then consult Figure 18.10 (button) to determine the relative strength of each. The stronger the species, the more preponderant its conjugate. (a) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + NH 3 ( aq ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + NH 4 + ( aq ) stronger acidweaker acidstronger baseweaker base Net direction is to the right with K c > 1. (b) H 2 O( l ) + HS - ( aq ) OH - ( aq ) + H 2 S( aq ) stronger baseweaker basestronger acidweaker acid Net direction is to the left with K c < 1.

21. 18-21 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.9 Strengths of conjugate acid- base pairs.

22. 18-22 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.6Finding the K a of a Weak Acid from the pH of Its Solution PROBLEM:Phenylacetic acid (C 6 H 5 CH 2 COOH, simplified here as HPAc) builds up in the blood of persons with phenylketonuria, an inherited disorder that, if untreated, causes mental retardation and death. A study of the acid shows that the pH of 0.13M HPAc is 2.62. What is the K a of phenylacetic acid? PLAN:Write out the dissociation equation. Use pH and solution concentration to find the K a. K a = [H 3 O + ][PAc - ] [HPAc] Assumptions: With a pH of 2.62, the [H 3 O + ] HPAc >> [H 3 O + ] water. [PAc - ] ≈ [H 3 O + ]; since HPAc is weak, [HPAc] initial ≈ [HPAc] initial - [HPAc] dissociation SOLUTION:HPAc( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + PAc - ( aq )

23. 18-23 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.6Finding the K a of a Weak Acid from the pH of Its Solution continued Concentration(M)HPAc( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + PAc - ( aq ) Initial0.12-1x10 -7 0 Change--x-x+x+x+x+x Equilibrium-0.12-xxx +(<1x10 -7 ) [H 3 O + ] = 10 -pH = 2.4x10 -3 M which is >> 10 -7 (the [H 3 O + ] from water) x ≈ 2.4x10 -3 M ≈ [H 3 O + ] ≈ [PAc - ][HPAc] equilibrium = 0.12-x ≈ 0.12 M So K a = (2.4x10 -3 ) 0.12 = 4.8 x 10 -5 Be sure to check for % error.= 4x10 -3 % x100 [HPAc] dissn ; 2.4x10 -3 M 0.12M [H 3 O + ] from water ; 1x10 -7 M 2.4x10 -3 M x100 = 2.0 %

24. 18-24 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.7Determining Concentrations from K a and Initial [HA] PROBLEM:Propanoic acid (CH 3 CH 2 COOH, which we simplify and HPr) is an organic acid whose salts are used to retard mold growth in foods. What is the [H 3 O + ] of 0.10M HPr (K a = 1.3x10 -5 )? SOLUTION: PLAN:Write out the dissociation equation and expression; make whatever assumptions about concentration which are necessary; substitute. x = [HPr] diss = [H 3 O + ] from HPr = [Pr - ] Assumptions:For HPr( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + Pr - ( aq ) K a =[H 3 O + ][Pr - ] [HPr] HPr( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 3 O + ( aq ) + Pr - ( aq )Concentration(M) Initial0.10-00 Change--x-x+x+x+x+x Equilibrium-0.10-xxx Since K a is small, we will assume that x << 0.10

25. 18-25 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.7Determining Concentrations from K a and Initial [HA] continued (x)(x) 0.10 1.3x10 -5 = [H 3 O + ][Pr - ] [HPr] = = 1.1x10 -3 M = [H 3 O + ] Check: [HPr] diss = 1.1x10 -3 M/0.10 M x 100 = 1.1%

26. 18-26 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Percent HA dissociation = [HA] dissociated [HA] initial x 100 Polyprotic acids acids with more than more ionizable proton H 3 PO 4 ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq ) H 2 PO 4 - ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq ) HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) PO 4 3- ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq ) K a1 = [H 3 O + ][H 2 PO 4 - ] [H 3 PO 4 ] K a2 = [H 3 O + ][HPO 4 2- ] [H 2 PO 4 - ] K a3 = [H 3 O + ][PO 4 3- ] [HPO 4 2- ] K a1 > K a2 > K a3 = 7.2x10 -3 = 6.3x10 -8 = 4.2x10 -13

27. 18-27 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + CH 3 NH 3 + OH - methylammonium ion Figure 18.10 Abstraction of a proton from water by methylamine. + CH 3 NH 2 H2OH2O methylamine Lone pair binds H +

28. 18-28 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.8Determining pH from K b and Initial [B] PROBLEM:Dimethylamine, (CH 3 ) 2 NH, a key intermediate in detergent manufacture, has a K b of 5.9x10 -4. What is the pH of 1.5M (CH 3 ) 2 NH? SOLUTION: PLAN:Perform this calculation as you did those for acids. Keep in mind that you are working with K b and a base. (CH 3 ) 2 NH( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + ( aq ) + OH - ( aq ) Assumptions: [(CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + ] = [OH - ] = x ; [(CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + ] - x ≈ [(CH 3 ) 2 NH] initial K b >> K w so [OH - ] from water is neglible Initial1.50M00- Change- x-+ x Equilibrium1.50 - x-xx (CH 3 ) 2 NH( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + ( aq ) + OH - ( aq )Concentration

29. 18-29 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18. 8Determining pH from K b and Initial [B] continued K b = 5.9x10 -4 = [(CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + ][OH - ] [(CH 3 ) 2 NH] 5.9x10 -4 = (x) 1.5M x = 3.0x10 -2 M = [OH - ] Check assumption:3.0x10 -2 M/1.5M x 100 = 2% [H 3 O + ] = K w /[OH - ] = 1.0x10 -14 /3.0x10 -2 = 3.3x10 -13 M pH = -log 3.3x10 -13 = 12.48

30. 18-30 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.9Determining the pH of a Solution of A - PROBLEM:Sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa, or NaAc for this problem) has applications in photographic development and textile dyeing. What is the pH of 0.25M NaAc? K a of acetic acid (HAc) is 1.8x10 -5. SOLUTION: PLAN:Sodium salts are soluble in water so [Ac - ] = 0.25M. Write the association equation for acetic acid; use the K a to find the K b. Initial0.25M-00 Change-x-x+x+x+x- Equilibrium-0.25M-xxx Ac - ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) HAc( aq ) + OH - ( aq )Concentration K b = [HAc][OH - ] [Ac - ] = KwKw KaKa = 5.6x10 -10 M K b = 1.0x10 -14 1.8x10 -5

31. 18-31 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.9Determining the pH of a Solution of A - continued K b = [HAc][OH - ] [Ac - ] [Ac-] = 0.25M-x ≈ 0.25M 5.6x10 -10 = x 2 /0.25M x = 1.2x10 -5 M = [OH - ] Check assumption:1.2x10 -5 M/0.25M x 100 = 4.8x10 -3 % [H 3 O + ] = K w /[OH - ]= 1.0x10 -14 /1.2x10 -5 = 8.3x10 -10 M pH = -log 8.3x10 -10 M = 9.08

32. 18-32 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 18.11 The effect of atomic and molecular properties on nonmetal hydride acidity. 6A(16) H2OH2O H2SH2S H 2 Se H 2 Te 7A(17) HF HCl HBr HIHI Electronegativity increases, acidity increases Bond strength decreases, acidity increases

33. 18-33 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. HO I HOBrHOCl>> HO O O O << Figure 18.12 The relative strengths of oxoacids.  HOCl  

34. 18-34 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Al(H 2 O) 5 OH 2+ Al(H 2 O) 6 3+ Figure 18.13 The acidic behavior of the hydrated Al 3+ ion. H2OH2O H3O+H3O+ Electron density drawn toward Al 3+ Nearby H 2 O acts as base

35. 18-35 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 18.3

36. 18-36 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.10Predicting Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions PROBLEM:Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following are acidic, basic, or neutral, and write an equation for the reaction of any ion with water: (a) Potassium perchlorate, KClO 4 (b) Sodium benzoate, C 6 H 5 COONa (c) Chromium trichloride, CrCl 3 (d) Sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO 4 SOLUTION: PLAN:Consider the acid-base nature of the anions and cations. Strong acid-strong base combinations produce a neutral solution; strong acid-weak base, acidic; weak acid-strong base, basic. (a) The ions are K + and ClO 4 -, both of which come from a strong base(KOH) and a strong acid(HClO 4 ). Therefore the solution will be neutral. (b) Na + comes from the strong base NaOH while C 6 H 5 COO - is the anion of a weak organic acid. The salt solution will be basic. (c) Cr 3+ is a small cation with a large + charge, so it’s hydrated form will react with water to produce H 3 O +. Cl - comes from the strong acid HCl. Acidic solution. (d) Na + comes from a strong base. HSO 4 - can react with water to form H 3 O +. So the salt solution will be acidic.

37. 18-37 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.11Predicting the Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions from K a and K b of the Ions PROBLEM:Determine whether an aqueous solution of zinc formate, Zn(HCOO) 2, is acidic, basic, or neutral. SOLUTION: PLAN:Both Zn 2+ and HCOO - come from weak conjugates. In order to find the relatively acidity, write out the dissociation reactions and use the information in Tables 18.2 and 18.7. K a Zn(H 2 O) 6 2+ = 1x10 -9 K a HCOO - = 1.8x10 -4 ; K b = K w /K a = 1.0x10 -14 /1.8x10 -4 = 5.6x10 -11 K a for Zn(H 2 O) 6 2+ >>> K b HCOO -, therefore the solution is acidic. Zn(H 2 O) 6 2+ ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) Zn(H 2 O) 5 OH + ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq ) HCOO - ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) HCOOH( aq ) + OH - ( aq )

38. 18-38 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Molecules as Lewis Acids acidbaseadduct An acid is an electron-pair acceptor. A base is an electron-pair donor. M 2+ H 2 O( l ) M(H 2 O) 4 2+ ( aq ) adduct

39. 18-39 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.12Identifying Lewis Acids and Bases PROBLEM:Identify the Lewis acids and Lewis bases in the following reactions: (a) H + + OH - H 2 O (b) Cl - + BCl 3 BCl 4 - (c) K + + 6H 2 O K(H 2 O) 6 + SOLUTION: PLAN:Look for electron pair acceptors (acids) and donors (bases). (a) H + + OH - H 2 O acceptor donor (b) Cl - + BCl 3 BCl 4 - donor acceptor (c) K + + 6H 2 O K(H 2 O) 6 + acceptor donor