2. Economic Advance & Social Unrest 1830-1850 AP EURO Chapter 21

3. Shift From Human and Animal Power to Mechanical Power  1. Agricultural Revolution 1700’s led to abundant food supply  2. the Enclosure Movement forced many poor rural people to move to cities and work in factories  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4joq YycnqM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4joq YycnqM

4. Population Growth  Europe’s population increased from  120 million in 1700 to  190 million in 1800  This growth in population created a pool of workers

5. Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in England ?  1. Innovations in agriculture (mid 1700’s)  2. New Technology -Textile industry  3. Large population  4. Stable Economy  5. Coal & Iron Production  6. Harbors & Rivers

6. British Textile Industry  Introduction of the Factory system led to growth of Textile Industry  Textiles shipped all over the world  Great Britain ’ s economic foundation

7. British Textile Industry

8. Manchester, England  Center of Textile Industry  Population grew due to:  Urbanization – movement of people to cities

9. Manchester, England  In 1842 a German visitor noted that he had seen so many people in the streets of Manchester without arms and legs that it was like "living in the midst of the army just returned from a campaign."Manchester

10. Working Conditions in Factories 1750-1800’s  Dangerous machinery  Loss of limbs, life common  No ventilation, sanitation  hot / cold  No such thing as worker ’ s rights

11. CHILD LABOR

12. Western European Countries Followed Industrial Pattern by 1830 People Migrated to cities:  1. In England: ½ of population moved to cities  2. France: ¼ moved to cities

13. Impact of Migration …  Cities not Prepared to receive Large Numbers  1. Inadequate housing  2. Contaminated water, sewers  3. Disease  4. Crime  5. Degradation at factories

14. Railways Facilitated Movement  1830 ’ s-1840 ’ s Construction of:  1. Railroad building  2. Canals,  3. Roads  Cheaper, faster Methods of transportation for people and products

15. Factories & Wage Labor  End of the domestic system  Displaced previous skilled laborers  Factory workers contributed their labor for a wage  Proletariat – industrial workers who sell their labor to live.

16. Factory Owners Preferred …  Hiring young, single women or widows to work in factories  in some cases Children instead than the wives were sent to work

17. Changes in Family Structure  Family ceased to be the basic unit of production and consumption  Economic & home life no longer the same

18. Laboring Poor  Long hours, low wages, unskilled workers  Women received lower wages  Factories and mines employed children as young as 6

19. Irish Potato Famine 1845- 1847  Potatoes introduced from South America in 17 th cent.  Irish peasants depended on potato crop

20. Irish Potato Famine 1845- 1847  1845 a fungus (blight) Harmed crops  ½ million Irish peasants died  Survivors immigrated the United States

21. Irish Potato Famine 1845- 1847

22. English Factory Act, 1833  Forbade employment of children under 9  Limited the workday for children (9-13) to 9 hours

23. Mines Act, 1842  Women and children under 10  Forbidden from working in mines

24. Ten Hours Act, 1847  Limited the workday for women and children  To 10 hours per day

25. Chartism  1 st large scale European working class movement  Workers sought political reform  Petitions with signatures  London Workingmen ’ s Association demanded 6 specific reforms

26. Chartism – charter 6 reforms  1. Universal male suffrage  2. Annual election of House of Commons  3. Equal electoral districts  4. Abolition of property qualifications for members of House of Commons  5. Secret ballot  6. No payment of salary to House of Commons

27. Response Urban Crime  Professional Police Force are established  1. Paris 1828  2. London 1828 (Bobbies) Visible presence deterred crime

28. Prison Reform  Late 18 th Century – Mid 19 th Century: serious offenders sentenced to transportation to Australia!

29. Prison Reform  1840 ’ s France & England led the way  Goal of prison = to rehabilitate prisoner  Individual cells, separation form other prisoners led to self- reflection

30. Classical Economists  Studied the problems created by industrial communities  “ grim economists ”

31. 1. Thomas Malthus  Essay on Principle of Population (1798)  Population will always be greater than food supply  Poverty and misery will always exist

32. 2. David Ricardo  Principles of Political Economy (1817)  “ Iron Law of Wages ”  If wages are raised, parents have more children.  More laborers = lower wages, fewer jobs

33. Early Socialism …  1. response to industrial revolution  2. disapproves of current economic systems  3. Questions private ownership & means of production  4. fairer distribution of income among working class

34. Utopian Socialism 1. Saint-Simon - France -planned society public owns capital & industrial equipment -no need for nobility or clergy class -laborers = productive citizens

35. Utopian Socialists  2. Charles Fourier – France  Imagined utopian communities “ phalanxes ”  Made up of 1,620 individuals  Never materialized

36. Utopian Socialists  3. Flora Tristan  Fought for equality for women in marriage & workplace

37. Utopian Socialists  4. Etienne Cabet – French  Wrote novel describing ideal city w/ economic harmony & education  5. Louis Blanc- “ national workshops ” state supported manufacturing centers for unemployed

38. G.W.F. Hegel ’ s Theories  1. Reality a process of endless change  2. History results from a series of change or  3. “ Dialectic ” reaction of opposites

39. G.W.F. Hegel ’ s Theories  A given state of affairs is called “ thesis ”  It produces the concept of an opposite state, “ anti-thesis ”  Any reconciliation of the two “ synthesis ”  As ideas clash, new ideas emerge

40. Marxian Socialism  Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels  Both Write : Communist Manifesto, 1848  Marx Wrote: Das Kapital, 1867  Engels Writes: The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1844  Influenced by Hegel

41. Marxian Socialism  1.History advances through conflict  2.Economics major force of change  3.Class that controls production becomes ruling class  4. Conflict between classes is inevitable  Class struggle moves history forward.

42. Marx ’ s 4 Stages of Economic Life  1. Primitive  2. Slave  3. Feudal  4. Capitalist

43. Therefore …  Socialism – means of production, such as capital, land, raw materials, factories or land should be owned and controlled by society  Communism – In the theories of Marx & Engels, a society without class distinctions or private property

44. The Age of “ -isms ”  1815-1830  The age of ideologies, or “ -isms ”  “ -isms ” influence how people viewed events and motivated them to action

45. Revolutions 1848

46. Revolutions All Over Europe 1848  Causes:  1. Liberals feel frustration at lack of political change  2. Ethnic minorities left out  3. Lives of working class

47. Revolutions of 1848  General Desires:  1. Constitutions  2. Independence & unification of nationalist groups  3. End of serfdom in Eastern Europe