1. Ship Design & Engineering

2. Introduction Principles of ship design
Basic ship structure, including forces
Ship structural elements
Compartment Numbering
Submarine Design
Piping Systems & Coloring

3. Basic Design Considerations
Operation Employment
Mission: task or job ship is designed to perform
Armament: measure of offensive & defensive power of ship
Protection: features designed to thwart or minimize destructiveness of enemy attack
Maneuverability: rapid course/speed changes
Cruising range: distance a ship can travel at cruising speed without refuel/reprovision

4. Basic Design Considerations
Structural design & seaworthiness
Stability: ability of ship to return to an upright position when heeled over
Displacement: measured in tons of water
Freeboard: vertical distance between top of hull and water line
Hull shape
Beam

5. Basic Forces Acting on Ships
Stress
Load per unit area (psi)
Tension, compression, shear, torsion
Strain
Deformation per unit length
Longitudinal Bending
Sagging
Hogging

6. Stress Def’n: load a member is carrying per unit area (psi) Types:
Tension: axial stress exerted by pulling
Compression: axial stress exerted by pressure on ends
Shear: equal but opposite forces at right angle
Torsion: stress caused by twisting motion

7. Strain
Def’n: the distortion/deformation per unit length as a result of stress
Measured in inches per inch (in/in)

8. Sagging Condition where ship is supported more at its ends
Compression of main deck
Tension of the bottom/keel

9. Hogging Condition where ship is supported more in its middle
Tension of main deck
Compression of bottom/keel

10. Ship Structural Elements
Keel
Centerline backbone of ship
Runs the length of the ship
Framing
Ribs of ship, provide structural strength -> define form of ship
Types:
Transverse (extend outward from keel)
Longitudinal (parallel to keel, run length of ship)

11. Ship Structural Elements
Bottom
Cellular region comprised of keel & framing
Plating
Skin over framework -> rectangular steel plates welded together

12. Ship Structural Elements
Decks
“Floors” of a ship (sometimes called “levels”)
Horizontal partitions that form tiers
Main deck is uppermost complete deck
Bulkhead
“Walls” of a ship
Horizontal partitions that form compartments
Can either be structural or non-structural (joiner)

13. Ship Structural Elements

14. Ship Structural Elements
Doors
Passage between spaces on SAME level
Can be Water-Tight (sealed with “dogs”)
Individually acting v. Quick-acting
Hatches
Passage between spaces on DIFFERENT levels
Most are water-tight boundaries

15. Compartment Numbering
System used for ships built after 1949
4 main parts
Deck
Frame
Compartment
Use
ex: 5 – 32 – 0 – E
Deck Frame Compartment Use

16. Compartment Numbering
Deck:
Meaning: “Space is located on this deck”
Upper levels are 01,02… successively from main
Main deck is 1
Lower decks are 2,3,4… successively from main

17. Compartment Numbering
Frame:
Meaning: “Forward boundary of compartment is on or immediately aft of this frame number”
Sequential number given to transverse frames fore to aft

18. Compartment Numbering
Indicates position of compartment relative to centerline
Centerline compartments are “0”
Numbers follow in succession from centerline outboard
Even numbers for Port side (2,4,6, …)
Odd numbers for Starboard side (1,3,5, …)
… …
Port Centerline Starboard

19. Compartment Numbering
Use:
Letter that designates primary use of the space
Examples
“A”: Supply & Storage
“C”: Control (ship control or fire control)
“E”: Engineering
“F”: Fuel tank
“L”: Living
“M”: Ammunition
“T”: Trunk
“V”: Void
“W”: Water tank

20. Submarine Design Hull (made of HY-80 or HY-90 steel)
Watertight envelope designed to resist submergence pressure at CRUSH DEPTH
Inner hull (pressure hull)
Outer hull (non-pressure hull)

21. Pressure Hull Single hull design Double hull design US submarines
Quieter
Larger interior volume
Double hull design
Russian submarines
Easier to manufacture
Ability to absorb damage

22. Submarine Design Structural Members
Similar to surface ship but rounded for submarine hull shape and THICKER
All levels have expansion joints (varying submergence pressures)

23. Submarine Appendages Plane surfaces Sail and superstructure Fairwater
Bow
Stern
Rudder
Sail and superstructure
Free-flood area

24. Material Selection Cost Weight Durability
Steel normally used because of strength
Aluminum and other alloys for corrosion resistance
Ease of manufacturing

25. Piping & Valve Numbering Systems
White
Yellow
Purple
Dark Gray
Light Gray/Tan
Blue
Light Blue
Orange
Steam
Oil
JP-5
HP Air
LP Air
Chillwater
Feedwater
Hydraulics
Numbering system for valves similar to that for compartments (ie: MS-1, MS-2, etc.)

26. Questions, Comments, Concerns?