1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT051-U01-04 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT051 – Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Arun Punaji More. M.Sc. (Microbiology) Experience: 11 Years arunmesh@hotmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe industrial centrifugation. Explain theory of centrifugation.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6 Introduction  Downstream processing involve number of operations to obtain the fermentation product in its pure form.  Continuous centrifugation is one of the efficient and rapid method of isolation of fine insoluble particles as well as one phase of solution from another.  Centrifugation mostly used in the recovery of high value intracellular product.

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7 Centrifugation  Centrifuge are machine used to increase gravitational pull on particles in solution hundreds to thousands time.  Thus by increasing the gravitational pull sedimentation rate can be increased.  The centrifugal force produced by centrifuge machine is given by following formula: centrifugal force = (л/6)d(δ ѕ – δ l )rω²

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Centrifugation  The sedimentation rate in the such increased gravitational field is given by Stoke’s law as follow: v = [d ² (δ ѕ – δl)/18η] rω²------1 where v = sedimentation rate/particle velocity. d = diameter of the particle. δ ѕ = density of particle. δl = density of liquid. r = radius of centrifuge head. ω = angular velocity. η = viscosity.

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9 Uses of Centrifuge  Centrifuge are used in the process where The solids are to be removed rapidly in minimum time continuously. The filtration is slow and difficult. Filtrate has to be absolutely free from particulate impurity including filter aid material. The process has to be continuous and has high hygienic demands. The process has to be carried out in limited space.

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10 Types of Centrifuge  Types of centrifuges: Three types are as follows:  Filter or sieve centrifuge: In this centrifuge separation of particles occurs as particles are forced against a filter material.  Baffle centrifuge: In this centrifuge separation of particles occur because of density difference of particles and liquid.  Continuous flow tubular centrifuge: A very high value of gravitational force can be achieved due to lower diameter of bowl and high rotational speed.

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Continuous Flow Tubular Centrifuge  continuous flow tubular centrifuge: Particles in this centrifuge is subjected to types of motion: radial and linear. Σ = (Vω/r)(1.5 r 2 ²+0.5 r  1 )/ r 2 ²- r 2  Solid-free liquid Solids retainedThe centrifuge parameter Σ for tubular centrifuge is given by the following formula which used in scale up of fermentation downstream process

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12 Baffle Centrifuge - 1  Baffle Centrifuge Insoluble solids outlet Solids-free filtrate outlet Inlet for solution Fig.1 Baffle centrifuge. Baffle centrifuge is used for fluid/particles as well as Fluid/particles separation.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13 Baffle Centrifuge - 2  Baffle centrifuge:- The centrifuge parameter used for scale up of downstream process is given by following formula: Σ = (Vωr)/sg s = maximum distance for particle to reach centrifuge wall. g = gravity acceleration factor.

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14 Uses of Baffle Centrifuge  Uses:- Used in penicillin production to separate penicillin extracting solvent from the aqueous phase. Used to clarify the molasses solution used as production medium for the production of citric acid by removing fine solids in the molasses on continuous basis.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15 What we Learn………….  Continuous centrifugation is one of the efficient and rapid method of isolation of fine insoluble particles as well as one phase of solution from another.  Centrifugation mostly used in the recovery of high value intracellular product.  Centrifuge are machine used to increase gravitational pull on particles in solution hundreds to thousands time. Hence sedimentation rate can be increased.  Centrifuge force = (л/6)d(δ ѕ – δ l ) rω²  Centrifuge are used in the process where The solids are to be removed rapidly in minimum time continuously with high hygienic demands. The filtration is slow and difficult. Filtrate has to be absolutely free from particulate impurity including filter aid material. The process has to be carried out in limited space.  3 types of centrifuge are: Filter or Sieve, Baffle and Continuous flow tubular centrifuge

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Critical Thinking Questions 1.Why centrifugation are usually used to harvest high value fermentation products?

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Hints for Critical Thinking Questions compare time of operation and power consumption.

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Study Tips  Book Title:Principles of Fermentation Technology. Author: P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall. Publication: Elsevier Science Ltd.  Book Title: Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. Editors: E.M.T. El-Mansi, C.F.A. Bryce, A.L. Demain, A.R. Allman. Taylor and Francis group. Publication: Taylor and Francis group.

19. End of the Presentation Thank You !