1. Additional Questions, Resources, and Moving Forward Science questions raised in the development of a science assessment Effect of Conservation Tillage Systems on Dissolved Phosphorus Gregory McIsaac University of Illinois & Agricultural Watershed Institute

2. To what extent does conservation tillage contribute bioavailable P to surface waters? Highly variable in time and space depending on: – Fertilizer quantity, placement and timing – Soil characteristics and hydrology

3. Outline Surface P dynamics Relationships between soil P and runoff P plot studies – Natural rainfall – Simulated rainfall (sprinklers) Influence of surface runoff pathways

4. Dissolved P concentration in runoff or drainage versus soil test P at surface (Sharpley et al. 2003)

5. Higher leaching below30 cm of dissolved P from manure broadcast on no-till compared to incorporated manure (Kleinman et al. 2009)

6. Stratification of soil test P in No-till (NT) vs Chisel Plow (CP) with (+) and without (-) manure history (Andraski et al. 2003) Manure history and long-term tillage effects on Bray P1–extractable soil P levels at three depth increments (0–2, 2–5, and 5–15 cm) at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000.

7. Dissolved P load from No-till and Chisel Plowed 0.8 m 2 plots as a function of soil test P (Andraski et al. 2003) Relationships between Bray P1–extractable soil P level (0–2 cm) and dissolved P loads in long-term chisel plow and no-till systems at Lancaster, Wisconsin, 2000. P loads were lower from No-till because of reduced runoff, rainfall was applied at 75 mm/hr for one hour.

8. Runoff from No-till and Chisel Plow as a function of soil residue cover simulated rainfall event on 0.8m 2 plots, 6 th year of no-till (Andraski et al. 2003)

9. Runoff from no-till (2 nd & 3 rd year) compared to other tillage systems, Tama silt loam soil McIsaac et al. (1991)

10. Soluble P loss in runoff from 65 mm of simulated rainfall (Data from McIsaac et al 1987)

11. (McIsaac et al. 1995)

12. Estimated fraction of surface applied P fertilizer available to runoff and leaching (Vadas et al. 2008)

13. Infiltration rates measured on long-term no-till (> 6 years) and conventional tilled sites 17 years6 years6 years Silt loamsandy loamsilty clay loam (Adapted from Savabi et al. 2008)

14. To till or not to till? Where no-till reduces runoff substantially, dissolved P loads in runoff may be low despite high concentrations P fertilizer and manure on the surface can be vulnerable to runoff when and where no-till does not reduce runoff significantly, such as – Coarser textured soils – Soils with high water table – Restricting subsurface layers – Frozen soils

15. Deep banding of P fertilizer reduced soil P at surface in 3 years 77 kg P per hectare applied (Fernandez and Shaefer 2011) No-till Broadcast P Strip-till Broadcast P Strip-till Deep banded P †Indicate significant differences at P < 0.1; In row19 cm 38 cm 57 cm --------Distance from crop row-------

16. P soil survey 2007 & 2008 Soil sampled sites in regions with high, medium and low soil P supplying power 598 corn fields sampled near end of growing season (Fernandez et al., in press)

17. Surface to Subsurface Ratio for 547 Fields in Illinois Fernandez et al. (in press)

18. Spatial distribution of Soil P 0 to 18 cm (0 – 7 inches) Fernandez et al. (in press)

19. Standard natural rainfall soil erosion plots uniform slopes, which minimize sediment deposition http://www.cesperieni.ro/page3.html

21. Rainfall simulators increasingly used to study runoff and erosion processes http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=18093 high intensity rainfall, water chemistry can influence results… useful for comparing different systems and investigating processes but do not fully capture seasonal variations

22. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/oct01/k9572-1.htm Small plots do not generate rill erosion, or represent full hillslope hydrology Results may be influenced by location on hill slope

23. Fig. 5.3

24. Summary P fertilizer applied to the soil surface is highly vulnerable to loss in runoff during the first few weeks following application Stratification of P at the soil surface contributes to high DRP concentrations in surface runoff. Conservation tillage reduces runoff at some locations (some times) and this may mitigate against high DRP losses to runoff (although could contribute to subsurface losses) Subsurface placement of P fertilizer, such as in deep banding in Strip Till, reduces stratification of P at the soil surface and probably reduces DRP concentrations in runoff. Plot studies need to be interpreted with a recognition that plots do not fully capture seasonal or spatial variations in hill slope hydrology or P dynamics.

25. Thank you!

26. No-till (years 1 and 2) vs. Chisel Plow on the contour, Tama Soil (Daverede et al. 2003)