1. 1 Drawing Lewis Structures A step-by-step guide See page 305

2. 2 Drawing Lewis Structures 1) Count the total valence electrons for the molecule: To do this, find the number of valence electrons for each atom in the molecule, and add them up. Example: CO 2 Valence electrons: C = 4, (O = 6)x2  16 Total number of valence electrons is important, not where they came from. To start: Draw Lewis symbols of all individual atoms in formula

3. 3 Drawing Lewis Structures 2a) Write the symbols for each atom b) show which atom is attached to which 2 elements: central atom is first more than 2: order of connected atoms as written in formula c) Use a single dash to show bonds between atoms: CO 2 : 2 atoms, C is centrals, both O are attached to C by single bond O—C—O

4. 4 Drawing Lewis Structures 3) Complete octets around all atoms bonded to central atom by adding electrons. (H does not get an octet!) CO 2 :.... : O – C – O :.... Count electrons now: 16 valence electrons shown, both O have octet, C?

5. 5 Drawing Lewis Structures 4) Any leftover valence electrons after step 3? Place them on the central atom. Even if doing so gives that atom more than 8 electrons (there are exceptions to octet rule) CO 2 : no leftover valence electrons

6. 6 Drawing Lewis Structures 5) If central atom does not have an octet of electrons after step 4: Try multiple bonds! Use unshared electrons already shown in step 3 and 4 and move them between central atom and other atoms. CO 2 O = C = O ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨

7. 7 Drawing Lewis Structures 6) Some handy bond rules to remember for molecules: –Hydrogen and the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) form a single bond. –The family oxygen (O, S, Se) forms 2 single bonds (or 1 double bond) –The family nitrogen (N, P, As) forms 3 single bonds, or 1 single bond and a double bond or a triple bond. So does boron. –The family carbon (C, Si) forms 4 single bonds, or 2 double bonds, or….. A good thing to do is to bond all the atoms together by single bonds, and then add the multiple bonds until the rules above are followed.

8. 8 Drawing Lewis Structures Draw the Lewis structure for CHCl 3. # of Valence electrons = 4 + 1 + 3x(7) = 26 Draw all atoms, connected by single dash (single bond, 2 electrons). Place electrons around atoms bonded to central atoms for octet. C = central atom Cl HCCl Cl

9. 9 Drawing Lewis Structures Draw the Lewis structure for PCl 3 # valence electrons = 5 + 3x(7) = 26 Draw all atoms, connected by single dash (single bond, 2 electrons). 2 atoms: P is central. Place electrons around atoms bonded to central atoms giving them a total of 8 electrons. Count electrons (have 24 now), place any extra valence electrons on central atom Cl Cl—P—Cl

10. 10 Lewis Structures of Ions 1) Count the total valence electrons for the molecule: To do this, find the number of valence electrons for each atom in the molecule, and add them up. For polyatomic anions, add the charge of the ion to the number of valence electrons. For polyatomic cations, subtract the charge of the ion from the number of valence electrons. PO 4 3- # valence electrons = 5 + 4x(6) + 3 = 32

11. 11 Lewis Structures of Ions 2) Draw an arrangement of the atoms for the molecule that follows the rules above, central atom, surrounded by others, connected by single bonds. –Hydrogen and the halogens bond once. –The family oxygen is in bonds one, two, or three times. –The family nitrogen is in bonds two, three, or four times –Boron usually bonds four times. –The family carbon is in bonds four times.

12. 12 Drawing Lewis Structures Draw the Lewis structure for PO 4 3 -. # valence electrons = 5 + 4(6) + 3 = 32 P = central atom OOPOOOOPOO 3- Don’t forget to show the charge of the ion, too.

13. 13 Drawing Lewis Structures Example: Draw the Lewis structure for NO 2 - Valence electrons: 5 + 2x6 + 1(for 1- charge) = 18 Central atom is: Connect with single bonds, add octet electrons to O: Count electrons, add extra to central atom. Check for octets on all, form double bonds if needed. :O-N-O:..

14. 14 Drawing Lewis Structures Draw the Lewis structure of formic acid, HCO 2 H. (Hint: C is the central atom. One of the H is bonded to an O.)

15. 15 Drawing Lewis Structures How do we know which of the possible structures for HCO 2 H is more likely to be correct? Formal Charge: a calculated value that is used to compare the number of valence electrons to the # of electrons assigned in a Lewis structure

16. 16 Writing Lewis Structures assign formal charges. –For each atom, count the electrons in lone pairs and half the electrons it shares with other atoms. –Subtract that from the number of valence electrons for that atom: the difference is its formal charge.

17. 17 Writing Lewis Structures The best Lewis structure… –…is the one with the fewest charges. –…puts a negative charge on the most electronegative atom.

18. 18 Drawing Lewis Structures Example: Assign formal charges to each of the Lewis structures drawn for HCO 2 H.

19. 19 Drawing Lewis Structures Some compounds cannot be adequately described by a single Lewis structure. Ozone (O 3 ): OO This single structure implies that the two O-O bonds should be different. They are not!

20. 20 Resonance This is the Lewis structure we would draw for ozone, O 3. - +

21. 21 Resonance But this is at odds with the true, observed structure of ozone, in which… –…both O-O bonds are the same length. –…both outer oxygens have a charge of -1/2.

22. 22 Resonance One Lewis structure cannot accurately depict a molecule like ozone. We use multiple structures, resonance structures, to describe the molecule.

23. 23 Resonance Just as green is a synthesis of blue and yellow… …ozone is a synthesis of these two resonance structures.

24. 24 Drawing Lewis Structures These two structures are equivalent except for the placement of electrons. –Resonance structures Resonance structures for ozone:O OOOO

25. 25 Drawing Lewis Structures Resonance structure: one of a group of Lewis structures used to describe a molecule that cannot be accurately depicted using a single Lewis structure NOTE: The real molecule is a “hybrid” or average of the resonance structures. It does not “flip” back and forth between the possible structures.

26. 26 Drawing Lewis Structures Example: Draw all possible resonance structures for NO 3 -. # valence electrons = 5 + 3(6) + 1 = 24 ONOOONOOO ONOOONOOO ---ONOOONOOO --

27. 27 Drawing Lewis Structures Example: Draw all possible resonance structures (that follow the octet rule) for SO 2.

28. 28 Resonance The organic compound benzene, C 6 H 6, has two resonance structures. It is commonly depicted as a hexagon with a circle inside to signify the delocalized electrons in the ring.

29. 29 Drawing Lewis Structures Not all compounds follow the octet rule! Exceptions to the octet rule: –Molecules with an odd # of electrons NO (5 + 6 = 11 electrons)

30. 30 Exceptions to the Octet Rule There are three types of ions or molecules that do not follow the octet rule: –Ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons –Ions or molecules with less than an octet –Ions or molecules with more than eight valence electrons (an expanded octet)

31. 31 Odd Number of Electrons Though relatively rare and usually quite unstable and reactive, there are ions and molecules with an odd number of electrons. e.g.: NO (5 + 6 = 11 valence electrons) Look at formal charges to find preferred structure (least number of formal charges

32. 32 Drawing Lewis Structures Exceptions to the octet rule: –Molecules in which an atom has less than an octet. FBFFFBFFF

33. 33 Fewer Than Eight Electrons Consider BF 3 : –Giving boron a filled octet places a negative charge on the boron and a positive charge on fluorine. –This would not be an accurate picture of the distribution of electrons in BF 3.

34. 34 Fewer Than Eight Electrons Therefore, structures that put a double bond between boron and fluorine are much less important than the one that leaves boron with only 6 valence electrons.

35. 35 Drawing Lewis Structures Exceptions to the octet rule: –Molecules in which an atom has more than an octet. Cl ClPClCl

36. 36 More Than Eight Electrons The only way PCl 5 can exist is if phosphorus has 10 electrons around it. It is allowed to expand the octet of atoms on the 3rd row or below. –Presumably d orbitals in these atoms participate in bonding.

37. 37 More Than Eight Electrons Even though we can draw a Lewis structure for the phosphate ion that has only 8 electrons around the central phosphorus, the better structure puts a double bond between the phosphorus and one of the oxygens.

38. 38 More Than Eight Electrons This eliminates the charge on the phosphorus and the charge on one of the oxygens. The lesson is: when the central atom is on the 3rd row or below and expanding its octet eliminates some formal charges, do so.