1. TNA and Technology Action Plan Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Technology for Energy Management Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University October 2011 Wongkot Wongsapai

2. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Presentation outline Presentation outline 1 1 Rational of this study 2 2 Prioritize technology methodology 3 3 Technology Action Plan 2

3. Energy plan SourcesDetails MoEnergy-Policy & Strategy plan -Provincial plan EPPO DEDE EGAT MEA PEA -PDP 1990 & 2010 -Energy efficiency plan (EEP)2011-2030 -Renewable energy development plan (REDP) 2008-2022 Environmental plan SourcesDetails ONEP-National Climate change plan OTP-National transport plan Industry-National Industry plan Economic plan SourcesDetails NESDB-National Economic plan Plan and Data from past and existing energy activity Suggested measures Condition: 2 0 C & 450 ppm Comparison : Thai and world Suggested TAP Existing TAP (adjusted) New TAP (best practices from other countries) Technology Need assessment and TAP (Mitigation) Framework TNA and TAP-Energy TNA and TAP TNA and TAP Analysis Assessment conclusion Analysis Assessment conclusion 3

4. -1- Rational of this study

5. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Past energy projects/activities From the study of the past energy activities (e.g. energy efficiency and renewable energy development projects) under Thai energy conservation plans, we found that In the past, Thai energy programs focused mainly on energy issues, not in climate change issue, but however, many energy projects have big impacts in GHG mitigation, Energy technologies from this Technology needs assessment should match with national energy strategy plan, This TNA based on 10 years action plan (2012-2021) From the study of the past energy activities (e.g. energy efficiency and renewable energy development projects) under Thai energy conservation plans, we found that In the past, Thai energy programs focused mainly on energy issues, not in climate change issue, but however, many energy projects have big impacts in GHG mitigation, Energy technologies from this Technology needs assessment should match with national energy strategy plan, This TNA based on 10 years action plan (2012-2021) 5

6. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Energy & Climate Change: TNA Strategy 1: Adequate energy supply for energy security (from Ministry of Energy’s Energy Strategy) Strategy 3: Support Thai energy business Strategy 4: Energy development which environmental consideration  Renewable energy development (RE)  Energy efficiency improvement (EE)  Clean energy technology (CT) (1) Energy Technology grouping (1) Energy Technology grouping (2) TNA Criteria setting (2) TNA Criteria setting (3) Technology prioritize (3) Technology prioritize Prioritize concept 6

7. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Past meetings and seminar in TNA Energy expert group meetings, Two public hearing seminars 7

8. -2- Prioritize technology methodology

9. 1: Supply 2: RENEW 3: EE 4: Others Energy sector High Readiness (8 Criterias) Low Impact (2 criterias) TNA Results Multi Criteria Prioritized Technology Technology selection Grouping Ready Not ready Final consideration Timeframe/neccessity TNA Steering committee comments 9

10. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Energy sector consideration in this TNA Renewable energy Solar energy (2) Wind energy (1) Hydro energy (1) MSW (3) Biofuels (3) Hydrogen (-) Biomass (2) Biogas (3) CNG (1) Energy efficiency Cross-sector Industry (4) Commercial (2) Residential (2) Transport (3) Energy supply Power generation/ district cooling (3) Oil refinery (1) Gas separation (1) Other technology CCS (1) Multi-criteria analysis by above sub-sector Scoring made by energy group experts via meeting and computer system (delphi) Multi-criteria analysis by above sub-sector Scoring made by energy group experts via meeting and computer system (delphi) 4 parts Power Supply and Transformation; Renewable energy (based on REDP); Energy efficiency (based on EEP); Other technology (CCS) 33 techno logies 10

11. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Criteria setting Criteria setting The Readiness (If ready = 5 : If NOT ready = 1) The Impact (If big impact = 5 : Least impact =1) Criteria (a) Assessment (from 1 to 5) (b) Weight (c) = (A)*(B) Point Readiness (1) Policy infrastructure including regulatory50.10.5 (2) Benefit and cost50.10.5 (3) Short-term trend50.10.5 (4) Management infrastructure50.10.5 (5) Possibility of domestically based production50.21 (6) Stakeholder and social acceptance50.21 (7) Current technology situation in Thailand (if ready=1)50.10.5 (8) Current tech. situation in developed countries (if ready = 5)50.10.5 Impact (9) Other impacts (social, economic and environment)50.52.5 (10) Estimated GHG mitigation of technology50.52.5 Grand total score 10 11

12. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Results of Technology prioritization 12

13. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Results of Technology prioritization 13

14. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Results of Technology prioritization TechnologyReadinessImpactTotal Smart Grid 3.85.08.8 Combustion 3.65.08.6 Waste Electric 3.55.08.5 2 nd gen biofuels 3.25.08.2 Solar Thermal 4.14.08.1 Biomass Thermal 4.14.08.1 CCS 3.05.08.0 Mass Transport 3.54.58.0 Biomass Electric 3.54.58.0 PV Solar 3.44.57.9 Building Envelop 3.64.07.6 Motor and Drives 3.83.57.3 District Cooling 3.63.57.1 Lighting 3.5 7.0 Solar Thermal and Biomass Thermal Solar Thermal and Biomass Thermal Smart Grid Hi-efficiency Combustion Energy Supply Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Waste Electricity Waste Electricity PV Solar Biomass Electric and Mass Transport Building Envelop Lighting District Cooling Hi-eff Motor and Drives Hi-eff Motor and Drives CCS Other Energy Sector 2 nd gen biofuels 2 nd gen biofuels 14

15. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation TNA Conclusions TNA Conclusions Results from the second round of prioritization (a) Energy supply Smart grid (b) Renewable energy technology Waste to power (power generation) Second generation biofuels (c) Energy efficiency improvement Fuel Combustion in industry sector (Large and small scale) (d) Other Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) MSW Smart grid CCS 15

16. Technologies in Thai Energy Technologies in Thai Energy Power generation (fossil: Thermal, CCGT, diesel) (renewable: Gasification, Thermal) Oil refinery Gas separation plant (GSP) Heat generation/District cooliing Energy planning Transformation Transmission/Distribution Energy Supply Fossil energy (coal gas oil others) Renewable energy (Solar, wind, biomass, biogas, MSW, biofuels) Energy demand forecast Electricity consumption (motors and drives, air compressor, air conditioning, etc.) Fuel consumption (transport) Thermal energy consumption (boiler, burner) Energy management system (control system) Energy (power) transmission Energy distribution Petroleum/gas transport Operation & Maintenance Power Oil refinery GSP Grid Tube Transport Final Energy Consumption Industry Res Commercial Transport Others CCS 1.Smart grid 2.Waste-to-power 3.Efficient Burner 4.CCS 5.2 nd Gen biofuel 1.Smart grid 2.Waste-to-power 3.Efficient Burner 4.CCS 5.2 nd Gen biofuel 3 4 2 1 1 5 5 2 4 16

17. -3- Technology Action Plan

18. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Source: UNEP Ris Ø e center ส่วน Technology Action Plan (TAP) ส่วน Technology Action Plan (TAP) 18

19.  Multi-technologies, one location Smart grid The term “smart grid” refers to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements — from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances, and other household devices (EPRI, 2009).  Smart in both Supply and Demand This study considers in RET to smart grid in supply and energy efficiency in demand-side 1 1 19

20. Smart grid Impact Smart grid Impact 20 Power output control system from Battery Storage For both supply side, demand side (industry or household) and mobile devices (Electricity vehicles

21. Smart grid Impact Smart grid Impact 21

22. Smart grid concept Smart grid concept 22 Self ‐ healing from power disturbance Enabling active participation by consumers in demand response Providing power quality for the needs Accommodating all generation and storage options Enabling new products, services, and markets Optimising assets and operating efficiently Source: MEF Smart grids, 2009

23. Technology Mapping: Smart Grid Sub- technology Details Demand for development Important issues for implement Status/ accessibility 1.1 Smart Metering An electric meter that responding to both producers and two-way users, Producer will receive the power consumption information by auto/real-time reply, End-user can choose the power supply source and also can monitoring their electric expense. Advance imported technology, High investment and high potential to deploy in Thailand, Respond to connect the power system completely with more stability, Respond to energy plan of Thailand in both energy security and renewable energy development plan, Generation and using with real cost and choosing the electrical by demand. System risk considering, Operate area and technology, Cost per unit considering in both fix cost and variable cost, Laws and regulations design to accommodate, Secret system control for user (security), Social and community acceptance, Knowledge and confidence in technology of stakeholder include electrical standard and IT through the complete capacity building Early stage of research and development, rarely installed /limited 1.2 Storage system Collects and stores power from power generation and keeps balancing power voltage and others to be constant which cause the electrical application are stable and stationary, Support power to supply-side (the electricity from power generation or other substation), demand-side (all sector) and mobile-side (hybrid or EV charger). Early stage of research and development / very limited 1.3 Control system An information system to control the power generate connection and electrical distribution in complete network. Early stage of research and development / very limited 23

24. Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Smart Grid Sub- technology BarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 1.1 Smart Metering Financial: High investment cost and require high energy potential Policy and Regulatory: Roadmap policy appear in PEA’s plan but not clear in EGAT and MEA, No equipment standard and IT Security system, No cooperation with international organization. Financial: Plan to get more supports from abroad in high technology equipment [S-Term] Government support the financial for smart device though the projects/measures (e.g. Tax incentive, ESCO fund) [M-Term] Implement & Deploy energy authorities for education and/or research [S-Term] CDM-PoA/Credited NAMA concept [S-term] Policy and Regulatory. Develop smart grid national plan along with the roadmap by other related authorities [S-Term] Study and push the clear policies/regulations for support in appropriate period and internalize smart grid to REDP and EEP with clear success framework and time duration. [M-Term] Study the international standard (IEEE, IEC, ISO) of the smart equipment and may establish the National Smart Grid Certification center. [S-M Term] Set the policy to test both security and stability of smart grid by both system and each device [S- Term] MoEn (DEDE and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion ERC(policy and regulatory) EGAT, PEA, MEA and end-users (implement) MOST and MoEd (research and development) 1.2 Storage system 1.3 Control system 24

25. Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Smart Grid Sub- technology BarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 1.1 Smart Metering Technology: All technology need to import and the equipment has various types. However, it should be start developing from the most importance and high potential, The research and develop in Thailand is at beginning in institute or university level but not in wide-spread, No information of smart grid in climate change impact, System must be maintained by power utility. Capacity Building: Lack of technology knowledge from design to maintenance areas, Smart grid is a rapidly-improved technology Technology: Prioritize the smart grid devices and start plan to developing that device such as start metering and storage [S-Term-Continue] Potential & feasibility analysis in country level and beginning area and demonstrate the full pilot project operation. [S-M Term] Study the impact of the smart device market [S-Term] Analyze the climate change impact of smart grid [S-Term-Continue] Suggest and push for Utility to invest and develop the main control system [S-Term- Continue] Capacity Building: Develop a research network from academic institutes with best practices case-study [S- Term-Continue] Develop international smart grid network. [M- Term-Continue] MoEn (DEDE and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion ERC(policy and regulatory ) EGAT, PEA, MEA and end-users (impleme nt) MOST and MoEd (research and developm ent) 1.2 Storage system 1.3 Control system 25 Note: MoEn=Ministry of Energy [DEDE=Dpt. of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, DMF=Dpt. of Mineral Fuels, EPPO=Energy Policy and Planning Office, ERC=Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand, EGAT=Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand] MNRE= Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment [ONEP= Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy and Planning, PCD=Pollution Control Dpt.] MoIn=Ministry of Industry [ DIW=Dpt. of Industrial Works] MoE=Ministry of Education, MOST=Ministry of Science and Technology, MoA=Ministry of Agriculture and cooperation; PEA=Provincial Electricity Authority, MEA=Metropolitan Electricity of Thailand,

26. Waste to power Bangkok:8,800-9,000 tons per day Other municipality > 100 TPD (around 25 municipalities) Current = 13 MWe and 1.09 ktoe thermal energy generation 3 types of waste to energy in Thai  Landfill gas  6 CDM projects  Fermentation  Incineration (by burner) 2 2 Considered the appropriate technology for Thailand, Also considered the appropriate area and technology and management limitation for TAP development 26

27. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Water Steam Boiler Rotor Unit Reactor Water Treatment Condenser Fuel Raw Input Product Hydrothermal Treatment Technology is a new technology that developed by the Tokyo Institute of Technology. The advantage of this technology is that the condensate from system can bring pollution such as Dioxin in liquid that can treat and reuse in system. Moreover, the technology can compatible with all waste type without waste separation Raw Product (wet, 40-70% moisture) Hydrotherm al process Drying Final Product (dry, 10% moisture) MSW ( wet ) Hydrothermal Technology 27

28. Technology Mapping: Waste to power Sub-technologyDetails Demand for development Important issues for implement Status/ accessibility 2.1 Hydrothermal Treatment Technology Transformation of waste to fuel powder. The pollutants such as dioxins can released in liquid. (No need for waste separation) Advance technology (Hydrothermal) and need to import. High investment and high potential to deploy/impleme nt in Thailand Design and control system technology understanding Waste is big and very importance problem in Thailand Information disclosure from owner technology, Domestic based production is acceptable, Cost consideration in both fixed and variable cost, Stakeholder knowledge and confidence in technology. Early stage of research and development and Need to import / very limit access Technology extension from owner technology, Domestic based production is acceptable, Cost consideration Stakeholder knowledge and confidence in technology Beginning development / limit access 2.2 Incinerator Waste to energy in both heat and electricity by burn the waste in furnace and generate steam for power generation. 28

29. Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Waste to power Sub-technologyBarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 2.1 Hydrothermal Treatment Technology Economic: High investment cost and should have waste enough for generate energy. Policy and Regulatory: Has Roadmap and clear policy in REDP, Obstruct in other problems such as scavenging and joint venture Act. Technology: Main equipment need to import, This technology belongs to Japanese license (HTT). Capacity Building: Lack of knowledge management in the long-term, Protest from community, Lack of waste separation management. Economic: Plan to get external support for expensive device. [S-Term] Government support the financial for smart device though the projects/ measures (e.g. Tax incentive, ESCO fund) [M-Term] CDM-PoA/Domestic or Credited NAMA concept [S-Term] Policy and Regulatory: Create the waste separation and system and revision the relevant laws [S-Term] Technology: Plan for technology transfer and promote for Thai entrepreneurs to domestic production [S-Term] Study of the impact of the waste/trash market. [S-Term] Analyze the climate change impact from waste to energy technology [S-Term- Continue] Capacity Building: Advance technology transfer of HTT [S- Term-Continue] Capacity building in local community and NGO and public promotion in waste separation system [S-Term-Continue] MoEn (DEDE and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion MoIn (DIW) policy and regulatory MNRE (PCD, ONEP) emission and EIA MOST and MoE (research and development 2.2 Incinerator 29

30. Efficient Fuel combustion in industrial sector 3 3 30 8,816 steam boilers in Thailand 110,000 ton per hr Fire-tube 6,306 units (31,000 ton per hr) Water tube 2,510 units (79,000 ton per hr)

31. Efficient Fuel combustion Technology Mapping: Efficient Fuel combustion Sub-technologyDetails Demand for development Important issues for implement Status/ accessibility Efficient boiler 3.1 Modulating burner Burner that has the ability to vary the fire that heats the water up and down so that the water temperature stays precisely where the computer brain in the boiler wants it to be, This temperature is figured by measuring the outdoor temperature and changing the water temperature based on that. Understanding in technology including processes and control system, Rising in fuel price Technology transfer from manufacturers and technology owner, Readiness of domestic manufacturer, Knowledge and reliable of technology in Thai industry. Imported technology/ Limited 3.2 Once Through Boiler Water is input at the bottom, and steam is produced from the top with quick supply of steam in a few minutes, Compact design saving installation space, Safe and no fear of explosion because of small water content. Demand of steam utilization is fluctuated and not 24-hr operate, Keep the steam quality stability, Knowledge in material design, Rising in fuel price. Technology transfer from manufacturers and technology owner, Readiness of domestic manufacturer, Knowledge and reliable of technology in Thai industry. Imported technology/ Not widespread 31

32. Efficient Fuel combustion Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Efficient Fuel combustion Sub-technologyBarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 3.1 Modulating burner Finance: High investment cost (especially in SME), Potential depends on steam demand pattern of each industry. Policy and regulatory Roadmap in industry also included in National energy efficiency plan. Technology: Need to import technology, Property right for domestic production. Capacity building: Lack of knowledge in operation and maintenance in long-term, Lack of good practice in boiler operation, especially in SME level. Finance: Government support in financial measures (e.g.tax incentive or ESCO fund [M term] CDM-PoA/Domestic NAMA [S Term] Policy and regulatory Action and implement plan including loan incentive [S-term] Regulatory/guideline/standard on fuel use per ton of steam production in each fuel type [L-term] Technology: Technology transfer Support domestic based production Study the impact of implementing especially in boiler equipment market [S-term] Study on impact to climate change [S-term-continue] Capacity building: Technology transfer and approach [S-term-continue] Technician/operator training/development by using the า Best practices case [S-term-cont] MoEn (DEDE and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion MoIn (DIW) regulatory MOST and MoEd (research and developme nt) 3.2 Once Through Boiler 32

33. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 4 4 3 types of carbon storage in Gaseous state  with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) benefit In liquid state  in ocean In solid state 33

34. 1 1 3 3 2 2 34

35. Technology Mapping: CCS Sub- technolog y Details Demand for development Important issues for implement Status/ accessibilit y 1.1 Post combusti on capture The CCS basic concept. Mainly in energy industry such as power plant, After burning, CO2 from exhaust gas will be captured and storage. Need to import technology, Very high investment cost, Clear understanding in CCS technology, Regional and stratum analysis (in-depth), Investment and technology risk assessment, Cooperate system design or feasibility study (currently, PTT studied in 1 site; i.e. CCS South Bongkot NG Producing area potential at 1 Mt-CO2 annually) and found that is not cost effective even with CDM. Stakeholder knowledge and confidence in technology, Cost consideration both fixed and variable cost, Need to have direct law and regulations (currently, only EOR: Enhanced Oil recovery can do through Petroleum Act while other CCS technology are in question), Social and community acceptance, Appropriate CCS site and technology decision, Technology and experience transfer to operator via capacity building. Beginning/ Very limited 1.2 Pre- combusti on capture Used in some chemical industry or gas production (hydrogen, methane), Fuel will be transformed to CO and burned by gasification, CO will be transformed to CO2 and storage, Hydrogen will be used as fuel. None / Very limited 1.3 O2/CO2 Recycle (Oxyfuel) Separate O2 from air to burn fuel in power/heat plant, CO2 from combustion and steam will be recovery to the system. None / Very limited 35

36. Barriers and solutions (TAP) - CCS Sub- technology BarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 1.1 Post combustion capture Financial: Very high investment cost and require large area site, CCS to CDM is now in process. Policy and Regulatory: Policy and regulations are not clear in CCS, especially in monitoring, operating, Reporting, and (if gas) leak International Law Technology: Thailand NG contains 15-35% CO2, but still lack of research and develop in institute or university in CCS potential, Lack of deep stratum analysis both on- and off-shore, Lack of impact information in off- shore case that may impact to other country, Lack of study in CCS impact to climate change. Capacity Building: Lack of all technology knowledge from design to maintenance. May encounter protest against CCS in long term, Long-term safety operation and maintenance. Financial: Plan to get external support. [S-Term] Push department of energy for study and/or research in pilot scale. [S-Term] Support CCS to CCS-CDM and Credited NAMA concept [S-Term] Policy and Regulatory: Study and deploy policies and regulations & support in the appropriate time [S-M Term] 10 years  Design approval and construction 20-30 years  CCS Operate & Injection after 20 years  Monitoring site and post- injection Study International std/regulations in both the international covenant and sea borders [M-Term] Technology: Potential and site (area) analysis of CCS [S-M S-M Term Study and research the geology and related data [S-Term] Impact analysis of CCS to climate change [S- Term-Continue] Capacity Building: Establish the CCS research network from academic institute [M-Term-Continue] Capacity building in CCS main issues to stakeholders including the understanding of environmental impact. [M-Term-Continue] MoEn (DMF) policy, regulatory EGAT, PTT, IPP (imnplem ent) MOST and MoE (research and developm ent 1.2 Pre- combustion capture 1.3 O2/CO2 Recycle (Oxyfuel) 36 Comprehensive mapping for storage Site assessment [Geology, hydrogeology, EOR potential] Technology selection Risk mgt. Best practices study Comprehensive mapping for storage Site assessment [Geology, hydrogeology, EOR potential] Technology selection Risk mgt. Best practices study $ 62-120 per tonne CO2 avoided 36

37. Second generation biofuels 5 5 Lignocellulosic biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 90% when compared with fossil petroleum, in contrast first generation biofuels offer savings of only 20-70% (http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wtw.html) 37

38. Source: http://www.altprofits.com/ref/se/re/bio/bio.html Note: In some documents (e.g. National Non-food crops center, USA), algae also considers as second generation biodiesel.

39. Technology Mapping: 2 nd Generation Biofuels Sub-technologyDetails Demand for development Important issues for implement Status/ accessibilit y 1.1 Conversion Process Technology for converting biomass cellulose to liquid fuel Type of technology: 1.Biochemical conversion process 2.Thermochemical conversion process 3.Biodiesel from algae High potential of biomass from agricultural waste. Do basic research covers all areas of second-generation biofuels, Set up budget for supporting research work and demonstration plant, Understanding in technology including processes and equipment, Selecting of appropriate technology for a specific raw material, Risk management analysis on investment and technology selection, Preliminary design and feasibility analysis, Follow up new technologies. Separation of food and energy chains, Own technology, reduce imported technology, Knowledge related to equipment and machines for collecting and harvesting agricultural waste, Investment feasibility, Policies, National institute required, Databases, Regulations, Human development in the areas of research, technics & management Early stage of research and development / Limited 1.2 Value chain products & technology Products needed in the production such as enzyme, catalyst and others, Process or equipment that uses in the process such as gasification.

40. Barriers and solutions (TAP) - 2 nd Generation Biofuels Sub- technology BarriersSolution/TAPStakeholders 1.1 Conversion Process Technical: 2 nd -gen. biofuel tech has been developed in limited countries, Technologies have many routes and complicates, Technology development in Thailand still in the early stage, Lack of knowledge related to equipment and machines. Finance: High investment cost. Policy: Lack of national target and plan in research and supports in all levels. Institute: No national institute who directly responds for all details. Technical: Do basic research covering all areas of second-generation fuel [S-M term] Fiscal support in pilot scale & Demonstration plant [S and continue] Develop waste management system including equipment and post-harvest machines [M-L term] Finance: Investment fiscal support [S-M term] Focus on credited NAMA [M term] Policy: Development national plan [S-term] Institute: Set up national institute to response all activities [S-term] MoEn (DEDE, DOEB and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion MoIn (DIW and BOI) regulatory & investment support MoA and MNRE (long term supply) MOST and MoE (research and developme nt) 1.2 Value chain products & technology Technical: Lack of research, Materials are currently imported. Finance: High investment cost. Policy: Lack of national plan. Technical: Support basic and applied researches [S-M term] Finance: Investment support for local usage and export [S-M term] Policy: Development national plan for 2 nd -gen biofuel supporting industry [S term]

41. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Acknowledgements National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI) Steering committees of TNA project Experts from energy focus group Related organizations for useful information (DEDE, EPPO, DIW, DMF, EGAT, PEA, PTT, TGO, JGSEE, etc.) National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI) Steering committees of TNA project Experts from energy focus group Related organizations for useful information (DEDE, EPPO, DIW, DMF, EGAT, PEA, PTT, TGO, JGSEE, etc.) 41

42. Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation Please Help Save the World !!! 42