1. EN 108: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGG

2. ENERGY Energy provides the power to progress 93% of total power generated is consumed by North America &Europe while ½ of the world’s population lives in Asia. In developed countries the main source of income is thru Industrial Activities where more power consumption is required.

3. Advantages of Electrical Energy It is the most refined form of energy Can be generated in large quantities at comparable cost with other types of energy Conveniently transmitted over long distances Can be utilized efficiently in a no. of processes requiring energy Got max. flexibility,sensitive and easy to control

4. features Electrical energy is the back bone of industrial world Comfort, convenience &safety of people all over the world depends on electrical power Energy may be needed as heat, light, motive power or direct use in electrical processes It may be needed in large or small amounts, continuously or intermittently, in various locations

5. Types of Energy Sources Sold fuels Liquid fuels Natural gas Hydro nuclear

6. Main parts of a power system Generating stations TXN system DXN system

7. Main parts of a power system Generating stations TXN system DXN system Methods of generation 1.Conventional methods Thermal Hydro Nuclear 2. Non conventional methods Solar, wind, tidal, Geothermal, Photovoltaic & fuel cells

8. Power plant economics Pp is an assembly of equipments that produces & delivers electrical energy Classification of pp 1.on the basis of fuel used (i)Steam pp (ii)diesel (iii)nuclear (iv)hydel (v)gas turbine 2.On the basis of nature of load (i)Base load plant (ii) peak load plant 3.On the basis of location (i)Central pp (ii)isolated pp 4.On the basis of service rendered (i)stationary (ii)locomotive

9. Requirement of pp eee 1. Economy of expenditure i.e. min. capital cost &op.and maintenance cost Safety of plant & personal Reliability Efficiency Ease of maintenance Good working conditions Min.TXN losses

10. Types of loads Residential Commercial Industrial Municipal Irrigation etc

11. Main parts of a power system Generating stations TXN system DXN system Methods of generation 1.Conventional methods Thermal Hydro Nuclear 2. Non conventional methods Solar, wind, tidal, Geothermal, Photovoltaic & fuel cells

12. Thermal power stations The heat of combustion of coal is utilised in a boiler which produces steam at suitable pressure sufficient to run a steam turbine & latter drives a generator B T G

13. Thermal power advantages disadvantages Can be installed near load centres & hence less TXN loss &TXN cost Not dependent on weather conditions High initial cost &maintenance cost High running cost Pollution Frequent faults High cost of generation

14. Site selection for thermal pp Proximity of load centers Availability of rail tracks Adequate supply of water Availability of suitable land sufficient to meet future expansions Means of ash disposal

17. 17 Coal storage Coal handling Ash storage Ash handling BOILER and SUPER HEATER Air pre heater Economizer TURBINE Generator H.P. Heater L.P. Heater Condenser Chimney Cooling tower Feed pump Condensate Extraction pump Cooling Water pump

19. MAIN PARTS Boiler Soot blowers Coal storage Forced draft fan coalhandling equipment Chimney Steam turbine Dust extractor Condenser Governor Air heaters Ash storage&handling Boiler feed water pump Circulating water pump Economiser

20. Coal– from coal storage- pulverized in mills-fed to boiler & burnt Boiler – The fuel is burnt here, the boiler consists of superheater,economiser,airheater,ash extractor & furnace for burning coal Economizer –increases thermal efficiency by utilizing heat in the exhaust gases to be absorbed by feed water. Air heater- used to increase the thermal efficiency by absorbing heat from exhaust gases by air used for combustion purpose. Soot blowers-remove the ash adhering to water tubes De aerator - extracts soluble gases from water. Steam Turbine- turbine drives the electric generator using the high pressure steam from the boiler. Condenser-steam after work is passed thru the condenser for condensation & the water is cooled with the help of Cooling towers. Chimney-used for the disposal of flue gases Governor- to control the speed & regulate the o/p of the turbines Generator- ac generator for electric power generation

21. Working of thermal pp Coal from coal storage is supplied to the furnace Preheated water is supplied to the boiler thru water circuit where it is changed to steam at high pressure. This steam is supplied to the steam turbine. Steam under pressure moves the blades of the turbine which in turn drives the alternator (ac generator) Steam after work is passed thru the condenser for condensation. Water is cooled with the help of cooling towers. Flue gases are passed thru the economizer &air heaterfor heat collection. 20% of the coal contains ash. usually used method for ash disposal is the pumping s/m

22. 22 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN COAL BASED POWER GENERATION Air Pollution :-High particulate matter emission levels due to burning of inferior grade coal which leads to generation of large quantity of flyash Emissions of SO 2, NOx & Green house gas (CO 2 ) are also matter of concern Water Pollution :-Mainly caused by the effluent discharge from ash ponds, condenser cooling /cooling tower, and Boiler blow down. Noise Pollution :-High noise levels due to release of high pressure steam and running of fans and motors Land Degradation :-About 100 million tonnes of fly ash is generated by use of coal for energy production. The disposal of such large quantity of fly ash has occupied thousands hectares of land which includes agricultural and forest land too.

23. furnace

25. condenser

26. Cooling tower

27. Wrong boiler fuel to air ratio Water side boiler scale Fireside boiler slagging Turbine blade deposits Poor turbine blade condition Waterside steam condenser tube scale

28. Alternators In power stations, huge alternators are used to generate electricity The alternator is driven by a steam turbine. powered by coal, oil or nuclear reactor

29. 29 Emission Estimates

30. the THANK YOU

32. Hydroelectric Power Background Energy from hydroelectric power is renewable It is powered by the water cycle Converts forms of energy Potential-kinetic-mechanical-electrical 32

35. 35 Water generated - Hydroelectric Shasta Dam In California -Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency -Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from 950 – 6480 MW -The use of Water Power is much greater in some other countries. Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and New Zealand are close seconds.

36. Site selection for hydro electric pp Availability of water Transportation facility Head of water Storage facility Cost & nature of site Nature of site Environmental factors Topography of the area

37. layout Hydro Power Plant Working How HydroPower Plant works

38. HYDEL PP Generation Irrigation Flood control FEATURES Running cost low Reliable Can be put off and on quickly Greater life No waste disposal problem Highly efficient over a considerable range of load Can be used as base & peak load plant

39. Essential parts Reservoir-basic requirement.Water stored is used to run turbines to produce e’ power.It can be natural or artificial Dam-structure built at a suitable location across the river whose primary function is to provide head of water. Economy & safety are the basic requirements.It should be capable of resisting the pressure of water & silt. Trash rack- prevents the debris from getting entry into the intakes from dam or from forebay. It is made of steel bars and placed across the intake. Manual or mech. Cleaning is used. Penstock – to convey water from reservoir to the power house.It is made of steel,RCC or wood. Power house & equipments – It includes turbines,generators,governers,gate valve, flow measuring equipment, transformers, switch board etc Tail race- It is the waterway to lead the water discharged from the turbine to the river. Draft tube – connects the turbine exit water to tail race. It is a metallic pipe or concrete tunnel

40. Surge tank- it is a storage reservoir fitted to the penstock at the point near to the turbine. It is provided to overcome the inertial forces in the supply pipe during fall of load & to act as reservoir of water during increase of load. Surge tank controls water when load on the turbine changes. Spillway – controls the water level of the dam. it prevents the overflow.

41. 41 Thank you

42. NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Advantages Widely available Non polluting Well suited for decentralised use Not depleting in nature Minimum environmental problem

43. Solar energy Greatest promise to mankind Free,inexhaustible,nonpolluting and devoid of political control Can eliminate most of the environmental problems associated with fossil fuels,nuclear,hydel etc

44. 5. Solar Energy: The heat energy contained in the rays of sun is utilized to boil water and generate steam which can be used to drive prime movers to generate electrical energy. Utilization of solar energy is of great importance to India since it lies in a temperature climate of the region of the world where sunlight is abundant for a major part of the year. 44

47. Solar Two

48. Solar Water Heating Advantages Replacing or supplementing other water heating methods: natural gas, electricity Disadvantages More expensive in cooler climates

49. Wind energy

51. Energy of wind can be used for the generation of electrical energy The potential of wind as a source of power is large. Wind energy can be used to run windmill which in turn drives a generator to provide electricity. Countries which use this method in large scale are US,denmark,netherland,china etc In india high wind speeds are obtainable in coastal areas

52. characteristics Nonpolluting Renewable Avoid f fuel provision and transport Disadvantages Wind energy is fluctuating in nature Due to its irregularity it needs storage devices Noise pollution

54. Wind mill or aero generator K.E. of wind is converted into electrical energy Main parts Wind turbine or rotor Wind mill head Generator Supporting structure

56. Wind mill head supports the rotor housing and rotor bearing. The moving air makes the blades to rotate & e’city is produced in the generator. Site selection for WECS It should be installed at sites where winds are strong & persistant. The average wind speed should be 3.5-4.5 m/s It is desirable to install wecs at high altitudes since wind tends to have high velocities at high altitudes

57. Foundation should be strong enough Land cost should be low Icing problem, salt spray or blowing dust should be avoided Offshore, seacoast & mountains are best sites

58. Tidal power plant Tide is the periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. Tides occur due to the attraction of sea water by moon. These tides can be used for the production of electrical energy Site selection. Tidal range at the desired location should be adequate throughout the year PP should be free from attacks of sea water. There should be no appreciable change in tidal pattern at the proposed site.

62. Current Technology The following diagram is a simplified version of a tidal barrage.

63. Case StudyCase Study.

64. Advantages The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced. Most designs are inexpensive to operate and maintain. Waves can produce a great deal of energy. There are minimal environmental impacts. Disadvantages Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy, sometimes nothing. Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong. Must be able to withstand very rough weather. Disturbance or destruction of marine life Possible threat to navigation from collisions because the wave energy devices rise only a few feet above the water. Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy devices located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines. Conclusion: Waves harness a lot of the sun’s power, but they are better for surfing than generating electricity.

65. Advantages No pollution Renewable resource More efficient than wind because of the density of water Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar Second generation has very few disadvantages Does not affect wildlife Does not affect silt deposits Less costly – both in building and maintenance

66. Geothermal pp This can be employed where there is high temperature on the surface of earth in the form of hot springs Springs are the discharge of ground water on the surface either due to gravitational or nongravitational forces Nongravitational types are volcanic springs associated with volcanic rocks and fissure springs resulting from fracture extending to great depth in the earth’s crest. such springs are usually hot compared to normal local ground water.

67. In India thermal springs are concentrated in 4 major regions. these promising regions are : North western Himalayan regions. The panwel fluxure of Deccan volcanic. Bihar and w. Bengal. Rift valleys of Narmada – Tapti.

68. PETE 45068 Most power plants need steam to generate electricity Most power plants need steam to generate electricity The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity Geothermal power plants use steam produced from geothermal reservoirs Geothermal power plants use steam produced from geothermal reservoirs

71. PETE 45071 Larderello The first modern geothermal power plants were also built in Larderello, Italy. They were destroyed in World War II and rebuilt. Today after 100 years, the Larderello field is still producing.

72. PETE 45072 Larderello Cooling Towers

73. PETE 45073 The Geysers Geysers Power Plant

74. PETE 45074 Larderello Steam vent

76. PETE 45076 The Geysers The first geothermal power plants at The Geysers dry steam field were built in 1962. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.

77. Fuel cells What is a Fuel Cell? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by- product.

78. How does a Fuel Cell work? It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not run down nor does it require recharging As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will produce both energy and heat A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes surrounding an electrolyte One electrode is an anode and the other is a cathode The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anode The catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positively charged protons The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the electrons Instead the electrons are directed through an external circuit which creates electrical current While the electrons pass through the external circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the cathode There the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons after they have passed through the external circuit When the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons it produces water and heat

80. Importance of Hydrogen Fuel Cells require highly purified hydrogen as a fuel Researchers are developing a wide range of technologies to produce hydrogen economically from a variety of resources in environmentally friendly ways Hydrogen is a secondary energy resource, meaning it must be made from another fuel Hydrogen can be produced from a wide variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal Nuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water, wind and biomass

81. The biggest challenge regarding hydrogen production is the cost How can Fuel Cell technology be used? Transportation Stationary Power Stations Telecommunications Micro Power

82. Telecommunications Due to computers, the Internet and sophisticated communication networks there is a need for an incredibly reliable power source Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% reliable

83. Micro Power Consumer electronics could gain drastically longer battery power with Fuel Cell technology Cell phones can be powered for 30 days without recharging Laptops can be powered for 20 hours without recharging

84. Stationary Power Stations Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools and utility power plants Most of these systems are either connected to the electric grid to provide supplemental power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that are inaccessible by power lines

85. Transportation All major automakers are working to commercialize a fuel cell car Automakers and experts speculate that a fuel cell vehicle will be commercialized by 2010 50 fuel cell buses are currently in use in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia Trains, planes, boats, scooters, forklifts and even bicycles are utilizing fuel cell technology as well

87. parts 1voltage coil-many turns of fine wire encased in plastic,connected in parallel with the load 2current coil-3 turns of thick wire connected in series 3 stator- concentrates & confines mag field 4 aluminium rotor disk 5 rotor brake magnets 6 spindleDisplay dials