1. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 16
Reproductive System
Lecture Outline
Part 1
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2. Reproductive System
See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes 2

3. Points to ponder What are mitosis and meiosis?
How many chromosomes do body cells and sex cells each have?
Understand the anatomy of both the male and female.
Know the functions of each structure in the male and female.
What are the 3 parts of a sperm?
How do hormones play a role in the male?
Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Be able to discuss the levels of hormones during the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Where do fertilization and implantation occur?

4. Points to ponder Be able to discuss common birth control methods.
What is infertility? What can cause this?
What are the options if a person is infertile?
Should we treat people who are infertile? Why or why not?
Understand genital warts, genital herpes, HIV, hepatitis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis.
Which STDs can be treated with antibiotics?
Which birth control methods can help prevent STDs? 4

5. DNA in body and sex cells
16.1 Human Life Cycle
DNA in body and sex cells
Body cells
Each body cell has ___ chromosomes (23 pairs) within the nucleus.
Cells that have pairs of chromosomes are called diploid (2n).

6. DNA in body and sex cells
16.1 Human Life Cycle
DNA in body and sex cells
Sex cells
_________ (egg and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes (1 of each pair) in their nuclei.
Cells that have only 1 of each pair of chromosomes are called haploid (n).
During fertilization, a sperm and an egg combine to form a zygote, and the chromosome number is restored to the diploid number of ____. 6

7. Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis is
16.1 Human Life Cycle
Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis is
a type of _________________ in which a cell makes an exact copy of itself.
a process used for growth and repair of tissues.
used by body cells (cells other than sex cells).

8. Mitosis and meiosis Meiosis is
16.1 Human Life Cycle
Mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis is
a type of ________________ in which a cell halves the number of chromosomes.
a process used to form eggs and sperm.
used by gametes (sex cells). 8

9. The human life cycle 16.1 Human Life Cycle
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MITOSIS 2n 2n 2n
MITOSIS 2n
zygote
2n = 46
diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
haploid (n)
n = 23 n n
egg
sperm
Figure The human life cycle.

10. Male anatomy Scrotum (1) Testes (2) Epididymides (2)
16.2 Male Reproductive System
Male anatomy
Scrotum (1)
Testes (2)
Epididymides (2)
Vasa deferentia (2)
Urethra (1)
Three glands
Penis (1)

11. Male anatomy 16.2 Male Reproductive System
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urinary bladder
ureter (cut)
seminal vesicle
pubic bone
ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral gland
erectile tissue
of penis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
seminal vesicle
anus
penis
prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral
gland
epididymis
glans penis
foreskin
testis
vas deferens
scrotum
urethra
Figure The male reproductive system. 11

12. Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes
16.2 Male Reproductive System
Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes
________
Sacs that hold the testes
Help regulate the temperature of the testes
Paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones (made by interstitial cells)
Composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are being produced
__________
Sperm mature and are stored here

13. Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes
16.2 Male Reproductive System
Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
interstitial cells
Sertoli cell
vas deferens
epididymis
uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
100 µm
Seminiferous tubules
Testis
(cut to show lobules)
© Ed Reschke
Figure 16.4a-b Spermatogenesis produces sperm cells.

14. 16.2 Male Reproductive System
Sperm production
Sperm are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
__________ cells help nourish sperm and regulate the process of sperm production (spermatogenesis).
Sperm (spermatozoa) are stored and mature in the ____________.

15. 16.2 Male Reproductive System
Sperm anatomy
3 parts
The head is covered by a cap called the _________ which stores enzymes needed to penetrate the egg.
The middle piece contains mitochondria to make ATP.
The tail provides ______________ for the sperm.
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acrosome
head
middle piece
tail
end piece
d. Sperm cell
Figure 16.4d Spermatogenesis produces sperm cells.

16. Male anatomy: Vas deferens and urethra
16.2 Male Reproductive System
Male anatomy: Vas deferens and urethra
Vas deferens
Transports sperm to the __________
Urethra
Transports sperm out of the body

17. Male anatomy: 3 glands that contribute to semen
16.2 Male Reproductive System
Male anatomy: 3 glands that contribute to semen
______________ – produce a sugary fluid that provides energy for the sperm
________ gland – produces an alkaline fluid to help buffer the acidic pH of the vagina
________________ glands – produce mucus that acts as a lubricant