1. Economics 2301 Lecture 31 Univariate Optimization

2. Second-Order Conditions The second-order condition provides a sufficient condition but, as we will see, not a necessary condition, for characterizing a stationary point as a local maximum or a local minimum.

3. Second-Order Conditions Local Maximum: If the second derivative of the differentiable function y=f(x) is negative when evaluated at a stationary point x* (that is, f”(x*)<0), then that stationary point represents a local maximum. Local Minimum: If the second derivative of the differentiable function y=f(x) is positive when evaluated at a stationary point x* (that is, f”(x*)>0), then that stationary point represents a local minimum.

4. Second-Order Conditions for Our Examples

5. Graph of Example 1

6. Graph of Example 2

7. Second-Order Conditions for Example 3

8. Graph of Example 3

9. Failure of Second-Order Condition

10. Figure 9.6 Failure of the Second-Order Condition

11. Stationary Point of a strictly concave function If the function f(x) is strictly concave on the interval (m,n) and has the stationary point x*, where m<x*<n, the x* is a local maximum in that interval. If a function is strictly concave everywhere, then it has, at most, one stationary point, and that stationary point is a global maximum. Note that example 1 satisfies this condition.

12. Stationary Point of a Strictly Convex Function If the function f(x) is strictly convex on the interval (m,n) and has the stationary point x*, where m<x*<n, the x* is a local minimum in that interval. If a function is strictly convex everywhere, then it has, at most, one stationary point, and that stationary point is a global minimum. Note that example 2 satisfies this condition.

13. Inflection Point The twice-differentiable function f(x) has an inflection point at x* if and only if the sign of the second derivative switches from negative in some interval (m,x*) to positive in some interval (x*,n), in which case the function switches from concave to convex at x*, or the sign of the second derivative switches from positive in some interval (m,x*) to negative in some interval (x*,n), in which case the function switches from convex to concave at x*. Note that, in either case, m<x<n.

14. Example inflection point

15. Graph of derivatives for example 3

16. Graph of Example 3 Concave convex Inflection point

17. Optimal Excise Tax

18. Optimal excise tax rate D MR S MRR QeQe Q/T P PePe P e +T e

19. Optimal Timing

20. Optimal Timing Continued

21. Interpretation of results

22. t rate r t* 0

23. Second Order Condition