1. Overloading CMPS 2143

2. Overloading A term is overloaded if it has many different meanings ▫ many English words are : eg. blue In programming languages, it is usually function and method names and operators Also known as ad hoc polymorphism ▫ may be used in non-OO languages (hence the inclusion of functions) 2

3. Overloading vs Overriding Both take a function or method named in an invocation and select for execution one out of potentially many different function/method implementations Differences ▫ Overloading performed at compile time (early binding)  determined based on different signatures ▫ Overriding performed at runtime (late binding)  signatures the same, so based on dynamic values 3

4. Type Signatures Key to understanding overloading Used by compiler to determine correct function or method to call Description of argument types, their order, the return type ▫ overloaded methods – omit the type of receiver from the signature, but it is understood and determined by the context of the call double power (double base, int exponent) ▫ has signature double x int  double 4

5. Scope 2 nd key idea is scope – defines the portion of a program in which the name can be used ▫ name has meaning within braces of a function ▫ outside class declaration, if method not public, it has no meaning At any time in the static (textual) representation of a program there can be multiple active scopes ▫ within the class, then within a method in the class 5

6. 2 broad categories of overloading 2 methods with same name and possibly same signature (as long as they are in different classes) ▫ different scopes ▫ if you use both classes, use Classname::methodname() to distinguish 2 methods with same name, but different signatures ▫ regardless of scope 6

7. Overloading based on Type signatures procedures, functions, methods are allowed to share a name Disambiguated by number, order, and in statically typed languages, the type of arguments they require ▫ EVEN IF THEY SHARE THE SAME SCOPE Occurs in C++, C#, Java, Delphi Pascal, CLOS, Ada, and many functional languages Good example is the overloading of the constructor methods ▫ default, parameterized, and copy constructors 7

8. Can do with other methods class Example { int sum (int a) {return a;} int sum (int a, int b) {return b;} int sum (int [] list, int n) { int tot=0; for (int i=0; i< n; i++) tot += list[i]; return sum; } }; 8

9. OPERATOR OVERLOADING Some languages allow operator overloading ▫ Java does not Giving the normal C++ operators such as +, -, *, <=, and += etc., additional meanings when they are applied to user-defined types (classes) You cannot create new operators like *& and try to overload them; only existing operators can be overloaded

10. OPERATOR OVELOADING The precedence of an existing operator cannot be changed by overloading The associativity cannot be changed The arity (number of arguments) cannot be changed The meaning of how an operator works on built-in types cannot be changed Operator overloading works only on objects of user defined types or with a mixture of user-defined and built-in types At least one argument of an operator function must be a class object or a reference to a class object

11. OPERATOR OVERLOADING Operators that cannot be overloaded “::”, “ ?: ”, “.” Operators that can be used without overloading “ = ” “, ” “&” Operator functions can be member functions or global friend functions ▫ I will discuss friends later

12. Creating a Member Operator Function return-type class-name::operator # (arg-list) { //operations } Creating a Global Operator Function return-type operator # (arg-list) { //operations }

13. OVERLOADING UNARY OPERATORS class Counter{ private: int count; public: Counter() {count=0; } int getcount() {return count;} void operator ++() { ++count;} }; // END OF CLASS void main() { Counter c1, c2; cout << “\nc1 = “ << c1.getcount(); cout << “\nc2 = “ << c2.getcount(); ++c1; //prefix ++c2; //prefix ++c2; //translated to // c2.operator++() by compiler cout << “\nc1 = “ << c1.getcount(); cout << “\nc2 = “ << c2.getcount();

14. OPERATOR RETURN VALUES In the previous example, you cannot write c1=++c2;//Error; Why? Counter operator ++() { ++count; Counter temp; temp.count=count; return temp; }

15. POSTFIX NOTATION Counter operator ++(int) { return Counter(count++); } The only difference is in the int in the parenthesis This isn’t really an argument, and it doesn’t mean an integer It is simply a signal to the compiler to create a postfix version of the operator

16. OVERLOADING BINARY OPERATORS class StringExt : public Object { public: //constructors StringExt(); StringExt (string s); StringExt (const StringExt & other); //overloaded + for concatenation StringExt operator + (StringExt se); StringExt operator + (int i); StringExt operator + (double r); StringExt operator + (string s); //overloaded = for assignment void operator = (string s); void operator = (StringExt se); //returns the string equivalent of the StringExt virtual string toString (); private: string val; };

17. OVERLOADING BINARY OPERATORS StringExt::StringExt (const StringExt & other) : Object("StringExt") {val = other.val;} StringExt StringExt::operator + (StringExt se) { StringExt result(val); result.val.append (se.val); return result; } void StringExt::operator = (StringExt se) {val = se.val;}

18. OVERLOADING BINARY OPERATORS #include “StringExt.h” void main() { StringExt se1(“Hi”), se2(“Howdy”), se3, se4; se3 = se1 + se2; //same as se1.operator + (se2) se4 = se1+ se2 + e3; //note cascading se4.toString(); }

19. In se3 = se1 + se2; The argument on the LEFT side of the + operator (se1 in this case) is the receiver object of which the operator is a member. The argument on the RIGHT side of the + operator (se2 in this case) must be furnished as an argument to the operator The operator returns a value which can be assigned or used in other ways; in this case it is assigned to se3 (using another overloaded operator =) An overloaded operator implemented as a member function always requires one less argument than its no. of operands, since one operand is the object of which the operator is a member (that is, it is the receiver object of the message). That is why unary operators require no arguments.

20. Creating non-member overloaded methods #include “StringExt.h” //prototypes:I/O for programmer-defined class StringExt ostream & operator << (ostream & cout, StringExt se); istream & operator >> (istream & cout, StringExt & se); // Implementations I/O for programmer-defined types ostream & operator << (ostream & cout, StringExt se) { cout << se.toString(); return cout; }

21. Creating non-member overloaded methods istream & operator >> (istream & source, StringExt & se) { string s; source >> s; StringExt se2(s); se = se2; return source; }

22. Using non-member overloaded methods void getStringExt (string prompt, StringExt & x) { cout << prompt; cin >> x; }

23. DEMO StringExt Example

24. Coercion and conversion integer + is radically different from floating-point + Sometimes overloading is NOT the only activity occurring, sometimes coercion goes on, especially with arithmetic operations ▫ occurs when we have mixed types In my example se+i or se+se or se+d or se+s ▫ no coercion occurs, just overloading If we had se + se and s + s, and no se + s ▫ then s could be coerced to an se ▫ even s+s could coerce both s to se

25. Substitution as conversion coercion – change in type principle of substitution introduces a form of coercion found in OOP languages ▫ Could use inheritance ▫ or implement an interface ▫ StringExt didn’t use inheritance from string  used composition

26. Overloading and Inheritance in Java Java has some subtle interactions If two or more methods have the same name and number of parameters, the compiler uses algorithm to determine match 1.find all methods that could possible apply to the method call and if one matches argument types exactly, use that one. 2.if a method’s parameter types are all assignments to any other method in the set, then eliminate the second method 3.If exactly one method remains, use it, else give compiler error

27. Example: Dessert, Pie, Cake, ApplePie, and ChocolateCake void order (Dessert d, Cake c); void order (Pie p, Dessert d); void order (ApplePie a, Cake c); order (aDessert, aCake); //legal - 1 order (anApplePie, aDessert); //legal - 2 order (aDessert, aDessert); //illegal //all eliminated in step 1, can’t downcast order (anApplePie, aChocolateCake); //legal //all in set 1, but 1,2 eliminated in step 2, //leaving 3 order (aPie, aCake); //illegal //3 elim. in step 1, but 2 and 3 survive step 2

28. Conversion C++ gives programmer control over how an instance of a class can be implicitly converted to another type ▫ use a constructor with a single argument ▫ rule to compiler to convert arg type to class type class ComplexNumber { public: ComplexNumber(); ComplexNumber(double r, double i); ComplexNumber (double r); : } ComplexNumber::ComplexNumber (double r) { real = r; imag = 0; }

29. ComplexNumber c(4.5,3.2); ComplexNumber result; double r = 5; result = c + r; //r will be converted to a //ComplexNumber and ComplexNumber + //will be performed

30. Conversion in other direction Make a Fraction a double. class Fraction { public: : operator double() { return numerator() / (double) denominator(); } }; Fraction f(2, 3); double d = f * 3.14; Coerce ComplexNumber to double ?

31. Redefinition Child class defines a method using same name as method in parent class, BUT with a different type signature ▫ so NO overriding here Ho hum? NO – depends on language Two different techniques ▫ merge model (Java)  creates a set and all possibilities are examined ▫ hierarchical model (C++)  determines which to use from inner scope outward

32. Polyadicity A polyadic function is one that can take a variable number of arguments ▫ cout << “sum is “” << sum << endl; Easy to write the call More difficult to write the body C++ uses an ad hoc method (involving a list, 3 methods, ellipsis C# has a more elegant solution ▫ public void Write (params object [ ] args) {…}

33. Study Questions pg. 307: 11-7, 10 program 4 extra credit: ▫ add the conversion for a double to a complex number and another case to your menu options and switch ▫ turn in program 4 a week early