1. RT-WiFi: Real-Time High-Speed Communication Protocol for Wireless Cyber-Physical Control Applications
Ramyaa & Malak

2. Control System Enhance the mobility.
Reduced the cost of maintenance and deployment.
Define Control System & advantage of applying wireless on Control system
A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.
Applying wireless technology on these control systems has the ability to enhance the mobility and reduced the cost of maintenance and deployment.
For that nowadays there are a lot of wireless control systems, protocols and it's used in many areas.

3. - Complicate the design - Increase development time & maintenance cost
Not suitable for high-speed real-time wireless control.
Cannot provide high enough sampling rate.
Can provide real-time communication, but the maximum supported sampling frequency is only 100Hz
WirelessHART
ISA100.11a
Cannot provide high enough sampling rate
It can support up to 400Hz sampling rate, which is still much lower than the requirement in many high-speed control applications.
MBStar
Not suitable for high-speed real-wireless control.
Cannot guarantee real-time data delivery, except for voice time packets
Bluetooth
Can provide real-time data delivery in beacon-enabled mode, but the data rate is up to 250kbps.
ZigBee
High-speed wireless local area network and support data rates up to 150Mbps.
In DCF  the delivery time of data is not deterministic
In PCF  cannot provide real-time data delivery guarantee & it is nondeterministic when the subsequent packets will be sent.
WiFi
Why they think to combine (wirelessHART+WiFi) & Negative effects of combining
Introduce RT-WiFi
And each protocol has its features, so we choose the most appropriate one for our system.
The researchers found there is no protocol provide real-time guarantee for the packet delivery and not fast enough speed. And these two has a significant effect the performance of these systems.
real time is very important in control systems, because control system depends on precise timing in monitoring and controlling.
High speed effects the quality and performance of the syetem, also we can increase the number of sensors and actuators
For that they combined WiFi and WirelessHART protocols, but that has side effects: complicate the design, increase the development time, increased maintenance time.
To solve this problem, the researchers introduced RT-WiFi, a real time and high speed communication protocol.
- Complicate the design
- Increase development time & maintenance cost

4. RT-WiFi - Goals Real-time Data Delivery and High Sampling Rate
Requires sampling rate >1KHz  IEEE physical layer.
Time deterministic  TDMA mechanism.
Flexible Data Link Layer Configuration
Design trade-offs: sampling rate, communication reliability, real-time data delivery, and co-existence with regular WiFi networks.
Transparent System Design
Reuse hardware & software available & run existing applications with minimum modifications.
Explain the goals
While they designed this protocol they have 3 goals:
Real-time Data Delivery and High Sampling Rate
Control system requires sampling rate higher than 1KHz  for that they built RT-WiFi on top of IEEE physical layer.
To achieve time deterministic behavior  They used(Time division multiple access ) TDMA
Flexible Data Link Layer Configuration
They want the protocol fitting a wide range of applications, so they give more flexibility to the designers by customize design trade-offs among sampling rate, communication reliability, real-time data delivery co-existence with regular WiFi networks.
Transparent System Design
We need to reuse software and hardware, To make the protocol easy to integrated with existing applications.
and run existing applications on top of RT-WiFi with no or minimum modifications.

5. RT-WIFI Design and Implementation
Performance Evaluation
Case Study
Conclusion
Future Work

6. Control System based on RT-WiFi
Explain the architecture of Control System
This figure shows the architecture of control system that has RT-WiFi . we have 3 sensors and 3 actuators. Each sensor and actuator attached to the RT-WiFi station.
Network manger
Responsible to configure the RT-WiFi based on the requirement that defined by the designer. Controls the applications that run on RT-WiFi AP.
Allocates the resources dynamically.
Configures data link layer of RT-WiFi AP and stations.
After configuration,
We are now in the operational mode.
Now, Data is exchanging between stations and applications

7. RT-WiFi Design Explain the architucture of RT-WiFi
This figure shows the architecture of RT-WiFi protocol
RT-WiFi has 3 main components:

8. A. Timer Global synchronization. Achieves high sampling rate.
Deterministic timing behavior Node access the channel in its pre-assigned time slots.
Based on (Timing Synchronization Function) TSF.
Timer:
Maintaining global synchronization, because Timer design is based on TSF (timing synchronization function) in IEEE
each node has 1MHz TSF timer.
Master clock in AP
peridically, all satations synchronize to the master clock
Each RT-WiFi node can only access the channel in its pre-assigned time slots
This figure shows the RT-WiFi time slot : we have guard interval (that used to insure the transmissions do not interfere with each other. Then, data transmission (it depends on the transmission rate and the size of the packet). After the station recives the data, it will send ACK after SIFS.

9. RT-WiFi Design
Introduce link scheduler

10. B. Link Scheduler Link Defines the communication behavior Superframe
Sequence of consecutive time slots
Device Profile
Each node has a profile that used by the manger
link scheduler
For coordinating the access to shared media.
It has three component;
Link:
It defines the communication behavior within specific time.
There are four link types: transmit, receive, broadcast and shared
Superframe:
is a sequence of consecutive time slots.
The figure shows superfram that configured in RT-WiFi AP. It defines device’s communication pattern of with neighbors.
Device Profile
Each node has a profile that used by the manger
The profile gathered when the station join the network
Manger generate superframe and links for each station.
Send the information back to the stations.

11. RT-WiFi

12. C. Flexible Data Link Layer Design
Out-of-slot retry
Packet fails to be transmitted in one time slot, RT-WiFi node can retransmit.
Requirement of retransmit depends on the application.
Packet size and data rate
If the transmission time of the packet is larger than the time slot size then RT-WiFi cannot successfully transmit the packet.
IEEE  Uses multiple transmission rates that utilize different modulation and coding scheme.
Higher transmission rate  higher throughput  less resilient to noise.
Flexible data link layer design  Selection of the date rate that best fits the current channel condition and the desired time slot size.
Sampling Rate
Packet size and data rate
Computational resource
Synchronization accuracy
Reliability
In-slot retry
Out-of-slot retry
Co-existence with regular Wi-Fi network:
Performing Carrier Sense
Shortening Inter-frame Spacing
Performing Carrier Sense
Absence of WiFi  RT-WiFi node does not perform carrier sense.
Presence of WiFi  Possibility that the two types of traffic could collide.
Solution: RT-WiFi nodes perform clear
channel assessment (CCA) at the start of the transmission.
In-slot retry
Computational resource
Higher sampling rate  reduce the time slot size.
Task Execution in the shorter time interval  more computational resource.
Synchronization accuracy
The minimum slot size is influenced by the synchronization accuracy  the size of time slot has to be larger than the guard Interval.
Solution : reduce the guard interval size by utilizing more accurate clock.
Shortening Inter-frame Spacing
Interval defined between the transmission of two consecutive Wi-Fi packets.
Higher priority for RT-WiFi  shorter IFS.

13. D. Association Process
RT-WiFi node has no information about TDMA schedule before it joins the network.
It works like a regular Wi-Fi node and follows same authentication and association process.
RT-WiFi node waits for the next beacon frame.
Operates according to the TDMA schedule.
Schedule information is attached to the beacon frame in the vendor specific field.
Thus, a regular Wi-Fi station can easily associate with a RT-WiFi AP without any modification.

14. Platform Hardware Platform
Port to any IEEE compatible hardware.
Atheros AR9285 Wi-Fi chip.
Ubuntu as the operating system, which runs Linux kernel
Software Platform
Two software modules from compat-wireless driver, mac80211 and ath9k are incorporated with the TDMA design to build the MAC layer of RT-WiFi.

15. Performance Evaluation Case Study Conclusion Future Work
RT-WIFI Design and Implementation
Performance Evaluation
Case Study
Conclusion
Future Work

16. Performance Evaluation
Testbed Setting
Performance comparison between RT-WiFi and regular Wi-Fi.
Interference free environment
office environment
Compare the MAC layer to MAC
layer performance between
RT-WiFi and regular Wi-Fi
in two test scenarios.
UDP socket program is installed on
each Device.
Sensor data with a fixed size payload
are transmitted from each station
to the AP.
AP transmits control data with
the same packet size back to
each station.

17. Performance Evaluation
Latency and packet loss ratio comparison in an interference-free environment
The data link layer transmission latency is calculated as the difference of a frame’s TSF timestamps between the receiver side and the sender side.
The packet loss ratio measures the percentage of packets lost by tracking the sequence number of each packet.
Standard deviation of the latency in RT-WiFi network is less than 5.3µs.
Regular Wi-Fi network has a higher average delay and a larger transmission variation.

18. Performance Evaluation
Latency comparison between Wi-Fi and RT-WiFi in an interference-free environment

19. Performance Evaluation
Latency and packet loss ratio comparison in an office environment
Deployed the testbed on the 5th floor of the building.
10 Wi-Fi Aps
Latency of regular Wi-Fi network is increased because the office environment has more inference from existing Wi-Fi networks.
The maximum latency of RT-WiFi is increased up to 4.2ms.
Uncontrolled mobile devices in the office environment.
The packet loss ratio of RT-WiFi network increases to 10%.
Collision with background traffic.
Regular wifi - maximum delay – 100ms, standard deviation – 2800µs.

20. Performance Evaluation
Latency comparison between Wi-Fi and RT-WiFi in an office environment

21. Performance Evaluation
Flexible Channel Access Controller Testbed setting: Network A: – Regular WiFi network – 10 Mbps UDP traffic generator. Network B: – UDP program. configured Network-B by using four settings: • Regular WiFi • RT-WiFi baseline • RT-WiFi with co-existence enabled • RT-WiFi with co-existence enabled and one in-slot retransmission enabled

22. Performance Evaluation
Flexible Channel Access Controller
Mean delay of regular Wi-Fi is increased to 580µs.
Interference from Network-A.
The packet loss ratio of baseline RT-WiFi network is increased to 50.21%
RT-WiFi network in the co-existence mode, the packet loss ratio is decreased to 10.92%.
Enable the carrier sense mechanism
Totally not eliminated because of hidden terminal problem.
Packet loss ratio is further decreased to 4.96% when we enable the in-slot-retry.

23. Case Study Conclusion Future Work RT-WIFI Design Implementation
Performance Evaluation
Case Study
Conclusion
Future Work

24. Case study Mobile gait rehabilitation system Smart shoes with
embedded air pressure
Sensors.
Multiple IMU motion
Sensors a robotic device.
Host computer running
control applications.
Two types of wireless
Links.
Transmit sensing signals
from sensing devices to the
Controlling the robotic
assistive device.

25. Case study Integration of smart shoes with a RT-WiFi station
Mobile gait rehabilitation system periodically requests sensing signals from air pressure sensors for abnormal gait detection.
The real-time sensor data were first collected from an analog-input module NI 9221 on an NI 9116 and then sent through a UDP socket from an Ethernet port of the NI 9022.
The RT-WiFi station then forward the sensor data through the RT-WiFi wireless communication link to the RT-WiFi AP on which the controller was running.

26. Case study Emulation of a Wireless Control System:
Numerous emulations based on the data traces collected from the smart shoes hardware.
Step 1: Data from the smart shoes to acquire the network dynamics (latency and packet loss ratio).
Step 2: Emulation to evaluate the performance of the wireless control system.
Probability to achieve small tracking errors is always higher for RT-WiFi than regular Wi-Fi.

27. Performance Evaluation Case Study Conclusion Future Work
RT-WIFI Design
Implementation
Performance Evaluation
Case Study
Conclusion
Future Work

28. Conclusion
RT-WiFi supports real-time high-speed wireless control systems.
High sampling rate.
Timing guarantee on packet delivery.
Configurable components: sampling rate, real-time performance, communication reliability.
It is compatibility to existing Wi-Fi networks.

29. Future Work Fault tolerance. Dynamic resource management.
Energy-efficient power management.
Extend the network topology to mesh structure.

30. Thank you

31. Why TDMA NOT CSMA/CA ?
CSMA/CA helps to increase throughput, but not support real time traffic.
Wi-Fi packet with a hard deadline may be blocked for a nondeterministic time interval because of carrier sense OR delayed by the random backoff access.
TDMA access the channels according to a strict time schedule. One node can access a certain channel in a given time slot.

32. Types of Link broadcast link
Used for transmit a data frame to all the neighbor nodes
transmit link
used for dedicated data frame
transmission to the given destination
receive link
used for receiving a data frame from the given source
shared link
is for multiple nodes to compete for transmitting data frames

33. Packet size & data rate
IEEE allows to use multible transmission rates at phusical layerRT-WiFi can deal with different modulation and coding schemes.
Higher transmission rate  provides higher throughput & less resilient to noise and easy prone to error.
Our flexible data link layer design allows the selection of the date rate that best fits the current channel condition and the desired time slot size.

34. Computational resource
Increasing the sampling rate of the TDMA data link layerreduce the time slot size.
For executing tasks in a shorter time interval, more computational resource is required.
The maximum sampling rate supported by a RT-WiFi node is limited by its computation capability.

35. Synchronization accuracy
The guard interval is reserved for the drift between two RT-WiFi devices.
The minimum slot size is influenced by the synchronization accuracy  because the size of time slot has to be larger than the guard interval.
We can reduce the guard interval size by utilizing more accurate clock or decreasing the synchronization interval.

36. Reliability
RT-WiFi applies two retransmission mechanisms to improve the reliability of a communication link.
Used either independently or in combination.
Depends on the available computation resource and specific control applications  choose the mechanism.

37. In-slot retry
If the sender does not receive an ACK immediately message from the receiver The retransmission is invoked
The retransmission time of an in-slot retry should not exceed the length of a time slot.

38. Out-of-slot retry
If a packet fails to be transmitted in one time slot, RT-WiFi node can retransmit it on the next available link.
Notice that the retransmission heavily depends on the desired application behavior.
For example, on the next available link, if new control/sensor data is available, then it does not make sense to retransmit the old data.

39. Co-existence with regular Wi-Fi network
Performing Carrier Sense:
RT-WiFi node does not perform carrier sense, because the manager will make sure that there is no temporal or spatial reuse in the operation environment on the channel specified in that time slot.
co-existence performance between RT-WiFi and regular Wi-Fi could be poor, because of the high possibility that the two types of traffic could collide with each other.
Solution: RT-WiFi nodes should perform clear channel assessment (CCA).

40. Co-existence with regular Wi-Fi network
Shortening Inter-frame Spacing (IFS):
IFS: interval between the transmission of two consecutive Wi-Fi packets.
Wi-Fi nodes wait for a pre-defined IFS before start to transmit the next frame.
higher priority for the RT-WiFi node  a shorter IFS can be assigned for the RT-WiFi node.