1. CHAPTER 1 SOCIOLOGY THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
SOCIOLOGY TEACHES THAT THE “SOCIAL WORLD” GUIDES ALL OUR LIFE CHOICES.
IS THE SOCIAL WORLD THEN A COLLECTION OF THE NORMS, VALUES, AND “MORAL COMPASS” THAT WE ARE EXPOSED TO?

2. THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
1963 PETER BERG
LOOKING FOR GENERAL PATTERNS IN THE BEHAVIOR OF A PARTICULAR PEOPLE.(CATEGORIES--Adults, children, gender, wealth, etc)
“SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR” OR SPECIFIC. (“expectations”)
A SOCIETY SHAPES THE LIVES OF PEOPLE WITHIN A CATEGORY.

3. EXAMPLES OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
WHAT DICTATES PURPOSE OF MARRIAGE?
MARRIAGE BASED ON EMOTION
MARRIAGE BASED ON PURPOSE
WHO DO YOU CHOOSE AS A MATE?
Does this choice differ based on social expectations?

4. EXAMPLES OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
DOES PRIVILEGED SOCIAL BACKGROUND CREATE PEOPLE MORE CONFIDENT OF THEIR FUTURE?
DEFINE PRIVILEGED?
MORE AND BETTER OPPORTUNITIES EXIST FOR THE “PRIVILEGED”.

5. EXAMPLES OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE CHOICE OF COLLEGE.
COSTS, CURRICULUM, DISTANCE
SOCIETY INFLUENCES YOUR CHOICE OF COLLEGE AND ABILITY OR CHANCE TO GO
THE AVERAGE STUDENT WILL CHANGE THEIR MAJOR 3-4 TIMES

6. EXAMPLES OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE SIZE OF THE FAMILY -THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN. (DEFINITELY INFLUENCED BY SOCIETY)
IN AMERICA THE AVERAGE IS 2 CHILDREN.
AMERICAN WOMEN TEND TO FOCUS ON CAREERS.
IN POORER COUNTRIES THEY HAVE MORE CHILDREN.
SEEN AS A SIGN OF WEALTH AND MORE WORKERS

7. DOES A SOCIETY SHAPE WHO YOU ARE?
SOCIAL INTEGRATION-PEOPLE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES.
EMILE DURKHEIM--STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES AND SUICIDE RATES.
SOCIETY HAS AN EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
(Marriage, amount of education, religion,)

8. HOW DOES SOCIETY SHAPE INDIVIDUAL LIVES
HOW DOES SOCIETY SHAPE INDIVIDUAL LIVES?: The way to observe the sociological perspective.
LIVING ON THE MARGIN--AN “OUTSIDER IN SOCIETY”(WHO ARE THE OUTSIDERS?)
THOSE IN MINORITY SEE THEMSELVES AS OUTSIDERS ALL THE TIME
DOMINATES THEIR THINKING
LIVES ARE SHAPED BY THIS THINKING
LIVING THROUGH A SOCIAL CRISIS
DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF A VICTIM OR A CAUSE OF THE SOCIAL CRISIS?

9. SOCIETY AND SOCIOLOGY--”A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE”
THE STUDY OF THE WORLD AND “OUR” INDIVIDUAL PLACE WITHIN THE WORLD.
EXPLAINS HOW WE ENVISION THE REST OF THE WORLD.
EXPLAINS OUR ACTIONS IN AREAS OF POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.

10. THE WORLDS NATIONS AND THEIR OWN SOCIAL INFLUENCE
HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES
HIGHEST OVERALL STANDARD OF LIVING
PRODUCE AND OWN A MAJORITY OF WEALTH
FORTUNE BASED MORE ON WHERE THEY LIVE
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
AVERAGE STANDARD OF LIVING--BUT SOCIAL INEQUALITY
LACK OF MANY LARGE “CITIES”
AVERAGE TO ABOVE AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ACESS 6-8 YRS.
LOW INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW STANDARD OF LIVING--LACK THE BASIC NEEDS
LIMITED EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

11. COMPARING THE U.S. TO OTHER NATIONS.
WHERE WE LIVE SHAPES OUR LIVES.
CHANGE NOW CONNECTS US TO THE ENTIRE WORLD--GLOBALIZATION.
TECHNOLOGY
U.S. MINOR SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE HUGE WORLDWIDE. (ILLITERACY, POVERTY, ETC.)
UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL LIFESTYLES HELP US UNDERSTAND OURSELVES!

12. THE GLOBAL VILLAGE SCENARIO
IF A VILLAGE OF 1000 REPRESENTS THE WORLD.
610 ASIANS (200 CHINESE)
140 AFRICANS, 110 EUROPEANS
85 LATIN AMERICANS, 5 AUSTRALIANS AND SOUTH PACIFIC
50 NORTH AMERICANS (45 FROM U.S.)
ECONOMIC DIVERSITY
80% OF TOTAL INCOME EARNED BY 200 PEOPLE
50% OF PEOPLE DO NOT GET ENOUGH TO EAT.
POOREST 20% AT RISK OF DISEASE
EDUCATION
5% HAVE A COLLEGE DEGREE
33% HAVE A DEGREE OF ILLITERACY

13. APPLYING THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
HELPS SOCIETY ESTABLISH LAWS AND POLICIES THAT SHAPE PEOPLES LIVES.
(Right and wrong behaviors)
HELP PEOPLE BECOME MORE AWARE AND TO THINK CRITICALLY.
EXCELLENT WAY TO PREPARE FOR THE WORLD AT WORK.
Read “Nickel and Dimed” page 10.
DISCUSSION--WHAT INSIGHTS HAVE WE LEARNED?

14. SOCIOLOGY AND PERSONAL GROWTH.
ASSESS THE TRUTH OF “COMMON SENSE.”
TAKING THINGS FOR GRANTED IS NOT ALWAYS THE CORRECT MANNER.
EXAMPLE: LOW WAGE JOBS ARE HELD BY UNEDUCATED LAZY PEOPLE.
SOCIOLOGY SHOULD HELP US SEARCH AND DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF PREDETERMINED IDEAS.

15. SOCIOLOGY AND PERSONAL GROWTH.
SEEING OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN OUR LIVES.
“SOCIETY DEALS THE HAND”
INDIVIDUALS DETERMINE “HOW TO PLAY THE CARDS!”
BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD AND HOW PEOPLE LIVE WILL HELP US REACH BEST GOALS.

16. SOCIOLOGY AND PERSONAL GROWTH.
THE MORE WE KNOW ABOUT SOCIETY, THE MORE “ACTIVE” WE ARE IN THAT SOCIETY.
UNDERSTANDING LIVING IN A “DIVERSE WORLD”.
95% OF PEOPLE LIVE DIFFERENTLY THAN WE IN THE U.S.
YET WE SEE OURSELVES AS “RIGHT” OR “BETTER” THAN THE REST OF THE WORLD.

17. THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY
THREE EVENTS INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS A FIELD OF STUDY.
1) NEW INDUSTRIAL WORLD
WEAKENS THE TRADITION OF COMMUNITY AND FAMILY
2) GROWTH OF CITIES
INCREASE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
3) CHANGE IN POLITICAL IDEALS
POLITICS BASED ON SELF INTEREST AND NOT AN OBLIGATION TO GOD.

18. AUGUSTE COMTE-French Socialist
INITIATED THE TERM SOCIOLOGY
SAW SOCIOLOGY AS A 3 STAGE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
1) Theological stage-Life based on religious beliefs(beginning of human history thru early middle ages)
2) Metaphysical stage--Life seen as natural occurrence, the failings of man.(Renaissance period)
3) Scientific stage--Use of science to study the actions of society.(Comte called this “positivism”)

20. Sociological Theories
A Theory is a a statement of how and why facts are related.
Theory helps guide thinking and research.
Research shows 3-5 “Theories” to explain social behavior.

21. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
REFERS TO THE RELATIVELY STABLE TYPE OF BEHAVIOR.--PURE NON CONFLICT
1) MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
RECOGNIZED AND EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES OF A BEHAVIOR
2) LATENT FUNCTIONS
UNEXPECTED RESULTS OF A RECOGNIZED BEHAVIOR
3) SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION--BEHAVIOR THAT IS COUNTER TO EXPECTED BEHAVIOR

22. SOCIAL CONFLICT APPROACH
SEES SOCIETY AS AN ARENA OF INEQUALITY THAT GENERATES CONFLICT AND CHANGE.
HOW DO FACTORS WHICH SEPARATE PEOPLE(RACE, SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER) LEAD TO DIFFERNCES IN POWER, WEALTH, EDUCATION, ETC.

23. FEMINISM AND THE GENDER-CONFLICT APPROACH
FOCUS ON THE INEQUALITY AND CONFLICT BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN.
SOCIETY PLACES MEN IN POSITIONS OF POWER IN THE:
1) HOME--HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
2) AT WORK--INEQUAL INCOMES
3) IN MASS MEDIA--MEN’S DOMINANT ROLES IN TV, MOVIES, MUSIC, ETC.

24. THE RACE CONFLICT APPROACH
POINT OF VIEW THAT FOCUSES ON THE INEQUALITY AND CONFLICT BETWEEN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT RACIAL/ETHNIC BACKGROUND.
POINTS OUT THE CONCEPT THAT THE CAUCASIANHAVE BETTER AND MORE OPPORTUNTIES THAN MOST MINORITIES.

25. THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTION APPROACH
SEES SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUALS.
1) MACRO LEVEL ORIENTATION--sees all interaction overall.
2) MICRO LEVEL ORIENTATION-sees specific types of interactions
MOST INTERACTIONS INVOLVE SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION.

26. LABELING IN OUR SOCIETY

27. APPLICATION--THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
MANIFEST FUNCTION--PROVIDES RECREATION, TEACHES PHYSICAL FITNESS, EMOTIONAL RELEASE
LATENT FUNCTION-- BUILDS RELATIONSHIPS, CREATES JOBS, ENCOURAGES SUCCESS
DYSFUNCTIONAL--SCHOOLS BECOME SO INTENT ON WINNING THAT THEY “RECRUIT BASED ON SKILL-AND NOT ACADEMIC ABILITY.
“WIN AT ALL COST MENTALITY”

28. APPLICATION--THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS
THE RACE AND / OR GENDER CONFLICT APPROACH.
SOME SPORTS REFLECT SOCIAL STANDING(TENNIS, GOLF, SKIIING)
SOME SPORTS ARE MALE DOMINANT
BASED ON STEROTYPING
SOME SPORTS DISCRIMINATE BY POSITION OR DUTY.
POSITION OF LEADERSHIP OR AUTHORITY

29. APPLICATION--THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS
THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTION APPROACH
SPORTS IS A COMPLEX FACE TO FACE CONTEST.
1) POSITIONS AND RULES DICTATE THE ACTIONS OF THE PLAYERS
2) PLAYERS ARE SPONATNEOUS AND WILL EXPRESS EMOTION DURING CONTESTS.
3) PLAYERS ATTITUDE AND COMFORT LEVEL CHANGES AS THEY INTERACT AND EVOLVE INTO THE GAME.

30. EMILE DURKHEIM--HOW DOES SOCIETY SHAPE OUR SUB CONCIOUS?
HIS STUDY WAS CALLED SOCIAL INTEGRATION.
PEOPLE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES, (CLOSE FAMILIES, ACTIVE SOCIAL LIFE) HAD A LOWER SUICIDE RATE THAT PEOPLE WITH A MORE INDIVIDUALISTIC LIFESTYLE.
THORLINDSON & BJARNSON STUDY OF 2003 SUPPORTS PART OF THIS THEORY
WHITE SUICIDE RATES HIGHER THAN BLACK’S SUICIDE RATES.
WHITE MEN SUICIDE RATES HIGHER THAN WHITE WOMEN