2. Bellwork: Day 3 Watch the following campaign ads and tell me which one you think is most effective and why. Yes We Can (Endorsement, Bandwagon ) Yes We Can Country I Love (Plain Folks) Country I Love Education (Name Calling) Education Better Off (Name Calling) Better Off Freedom (Name Calling, Card Stacking) Freedom Man in the Arena (Transfer, Plain Folks) Man in the Arena

3. Assignment 8: Persuasive Advertising Techniques This assignment will use two sides of your paper. On the first side, we will take some brief notes.

4. Transfer Using symbols or images that evoke emotion to some- thing unrelated, such as a candidate or proposition. This 1984 campaign poster links presi- dential candidate Walter F. Mondale and his running mate Geraldine Ferraro to beloved patriotic symbols such as Liberty and the American flag. Transfer Using symbols or images that evoke emotion to some- thing unrelated, such as a candidate or proposition. This 1984 campaign poster links presi- dential candidate Walter F. Mondale and his running mate Geraldine Ferraro to beloved patriotic symbols such as Liberty and the American flag. Name-Calling Using personal attacks on an opponent to distract voters from the real issues of the campaign. The goal is to inspire doubts about the opponent’s fitness for office by appealing to people’s fears or prejudices. This 1964 ad uses name- calling to link presidential candidate Barry Goldwater to “right-wing extremists.” Name-Calling Using personal attacks on an opponent to distract voters from the real issues of the campaign. The goal is to inspire doubts about the opponent’s fitness for office by appealing to people’s fears or prejudices. This 1964 ad uses name- calling to link presidential candidate Barry Goldwater to “right-wing extremists.” Plain Folks The use of folksy or everyday images and language to show that the candi- date is a regular person who under- stands the needs and concerns of the common people. In this 1872 poster, President Grant and his running mate appear as common working people. Plain Folks The use of folksy or everyday images and language to show that the candi- date is a regular person who under- stands the needs and concerns of the common people. In this 1872 poster, President Grant and his running mate appear as common working people. Bandwagon Creating the impression that “everyone” supports a cause or candidate. This technique plays on people’s desire to con- form, or “climb on the bandwagon,” rather than be left behind. This 1972 ad suggests that Americans from all walks of life are backing presidential candidate George McGovern. Bandwagon Creating the impression that “everyone” supports a cause or candidate. This technique plays on people’s desire to con- form, or “climb on the bandwagon,” rather than be left behind. This 1972 ad suggests that Americans from all walks of life are backing presidential candidate George McGovern. Testimonial Having a well-known celebrity or personality endorse a can- didate or proposal. The hope is that you will follow the per- son’s example without questioning his or her qualifications to make such a judgment. In this 1928 ad, famous sports figures endorse Democratic nominee Al Smith for president. Testimonial Having a well-known celebrity or personality endorse a can- didate or proposal. The hope is that you will follow the per- son’s example without questioning his or her qualifications to make such a judgment. In this 1928 ad, famous sports figures endorse Democratic nominee Al Smith for president. Glittering Generalities Using vague, sweeping state- ments that appeal to voters emotionally, but don’t actually say much of anything specific. Candidates or proposals are often described in lofty terms. This 1952 ad for presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower and his running mate Richard Nixon urges “Let’s clean house” without defining what that might mean. Glittering Generalities Using vague, sweeping state- ments that appeal to voters emotionally, but don’t actually say much of anything specific. Candidates or proposals are often described in lofty terms. This 1952 ad for presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower and his running mate Richard Nixon urges “Let’s clean house” without defining what that might mean. Card-Stacking Having facts, statistics, and other evidence that support only one side of an argu- ment. This ad begins with the fact that as governor of Massachusetts, Democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis supported a plan that allowed murderers to take weekend leaves from prison. It concludes that “Mike Dukakis is the killer’s best friend, and the decent, honest citizen’s worst enemy.” Card-Stacking Having facts, statistics, and other evidence that support only one side of an argu- ment. This ad begins with the fact that as governor of Massachusetts, Democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis supported a plan that allowed murderers to take weekend leaves from prison. It concludes that “Mike Dukakis is the killer’s best friend, and the decent, honest citizen’s worst enemy.” Review the persuasive advertising techniques presented in Section 9.5. 4

5. 5 name-calling card-stacking plain folks What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

6. Flip your paper over Analyze campaign posters by doing the following: 1.On a full page in your notebook, create a matrix as shown below. 2.Break into groups of four and go to your assigned placard. Quickly identify and record the persuasive advertising techniques used. 3.Rotate to the next poster and repeat. PlacardPersuasive Techniques A (about 2 to 3 lines) B C D E F G H 6

7. Experiential Exercise When most pairs have finished, review all the techniques used in the posters as a class using the following slides. 7

8. name-calling What persuasive techniques are used in this ad? 8

9. 9 card-stacking plain folks transfer What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

10. 10 transfer glittering generalities bandwagon What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

11. testimonial 11

12. 12 bandwagon transfer testimonial What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

13. 13 transfer What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

14. 14 transfer glittering generalities What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

15. 15 card-stacking What persuasive techniques are used in this ad?

16. Which advertising techniques do you think are the most effective? Why? The least effective? Why? 16

17. Assignment 9: Campaign Commercial Storyboard Create a storyboard for your political party project. This will be your unique idea for a commercial for your group. After you work independently, look at each of your ideas as a group and create a commercial based around the best idea.

18. Reminder: Your radio/tv ad is due next class (Task #6)

19. Day 2

20. © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. C H A P T E R 8 MASS MEDIA AND PUBLIC OPINION Magruder’s American Government

21. Chapter 8, Section 1 S E C T I O N 1 The Formation of Public Opinion What is public opinion and why is it so difficult to define? How do family and education shape public opinion? What additional factors shape public opinion? 2222 3333

22. Public opinion can be described as those attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters of government and politics. Chapter 8, Section 1 2222 3333 What is Public Opinion?  Different Publics  The United States is made up of many groups, or publics, who share common news.  Public Affairs  Public affairs are those events and issues that concern the public at large. In its proper sense, public opinion includes only those views that relate to public affairs.  Public Opinions  More than one public opinion can exist at the same time, because there are many publics. A view or position must be expressed in the open in order to be a public opinion.

23. The Political Spectrum People who have similar opinions on political issues are generally grouped according to whether they are “left,” “right,” or “center” on the political spectrum. 2222 3333 Chapter 8, Section 1

24. Family and Education The Family Children first see the political world from within the family and through the family’s eyes. The strong influence the family has on the development of political opinions is due to the large amount of time children spend with the family. The Schools Children acquire political knowledge throughout their time in the classroom. Students are taught about political systems, patriotism, and great Americans. Some are even required to take a course on government in high school. Chapter 8, Section 1 2222 3333 Many factors influence our political opinions and political socialization over the course of a lifetime.

25. Other Factors Influencing Public Opinion Mass Media The mass media include those means of communication that reach large, widely dispersed audiences (masses of people) simultaneously. The mass media has a huge effect on the formation of public opinion. Peer Groups Peer groups are made up of the people with whom one regularly associates, including friends, classmates, neighbors, and co-workers. Opinion Leaders An opinion leader is any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong influence on the views of others. Historic Events Historic events can have a major impact on public opinion. The Great Depression is one event that shaped the political views and opinions of a generation. Chapter 8, Section 1 2222 3333

26. Section 1 Review 1. Public opinion is difficult to define because  (a) everyone shares the same views.  (b) there are many groups and issues to account for.  (c) no one is allowed to have opinions.  (d) none of the above. 2. The mass media consist of  (a) friends and family.  (b) neighbors.  (c) newspapers, magazines, television, and the Internet.  (d) peer groups. Chapter 8, Section 1 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2222 3333

27. S E C T I O N 2 Measuring Public Opinion What are the challenges involved in measuring public opinion? Why are opinion polls the best measure of public opinion? What are the five steps in the polling process? What are the challenges of evaluating polls? What are the limits on the impact of public opinion in a democracy? Chapter 8, Section 2 3333 1111

28. 3333 1111 Measuring Public Opinion Elections Candidates who win an election are said to have a mandate, or a command from the electorate, to carry out campaign promises. In reality, however, election results are seldom an accurate measure of public opinion. Interest Groups Interest groups are private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy. Interest groups are a chief means by which public opinion is made known. The Media The media are frequently described as “mirrors” as well as “molders” of opinion. Personal Contacts Public officials rely on frequent and wide-ranging contacts with their constituents, such as reading their mail, answering calls, and meeting people in public.

29. Chapter 8, Section 2 3333 1111 Polls—The Best Measure Straw Votes A straw vote is a method of polling that seeks to read the public’s mind simply by asking the same question of a large number of people. The straw-vote technique is highly unreliable, however. Public opinion is best measured by public opinion polls, devices that attempt to collect information by asking people questions. Scientific Polling Serious efforts to take the public’s pulse on a scientific basis date from the 1930s. There are now more than 1,000 national and regional polling organizations in this country, with at least 200 of these polling political preferences.

30. Chapter 8, Section 2 3333 1111 The Polling Process Defining the Universe The universe is a term that means the whole population that the poll aims to measure. Constructing a Sample A sample is a representative slice of the total universe. Most professional pollsters draw a random sample, also called a probability sample. A quota sample is one that is deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given universe. Preparing Valid Questions The way in which questions are worded is very important. Wording can affect the reliability of any poll. Interviewing Pollsters communicate with the sample respondents using various methods including person- to-person interviews, telephone calls, and mail surveys. Reporting Pollsters use computers to store and manipulate data, which helps them analyze and report the results of the poll.

31. Evaluating Polls and Their Limit on Public Opinion Evaluating Polls On balance, most national and regional polls are fairly reliable. Still, they are far from perfect. Potential problems with polls include their inability to measure the intensity, stability, and relevance of the opinions they report. Another potential problem is that polls and pollsters are sometimes said to shape the opinions they are supposed to measure. Limits on the Impact of Public Opinion Public opinion is the major, but by no means the only, influence on public policy in this country. Much of the American political system is designed to protect minority interests against the excesses of majority views and actions. Finally, polls are not elections, nor are they substitutes for elections. Chapter 8, Section 2 3333 1111

32. Section 2 Review 1. A straw vote  (a) correctly predicted the outcome of the 1936 election.  (b) is a method of polling that asks a large amount of people the same question.  (c) is a very reliable type of polling.  (d) measures the opinion of only the rural community. 2. To pollsters, the universe is  (a) a private organization whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy.  (b) all of outer space.  (c) a probability sample.  (d) the whole population that a poll aims to measure. Chapter 8, Section 2 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 3333 1111

33. Chapter 8, Section 3 S E C T I O N 3 The Mass Media How does the mass media fulfill its role to provide the public with political information? How does the mass media influence politics? What are the factors that limit the influence of the media? 2222 1111

34. The Role of Mass Media A medium is a means of communication; it transmits some kind of information. Four major mass media are particularly important in American politics: Chapter 8, Section 3 2222 1111

35. Media Statistics Chapter 8, Section 3 2222 1111 Access to media varies from country to country.

36. The Media and Politics The Public Agenda The media play a very large role in shaping the public agenda, the societal problems that political leaders and citizens agree need government attention. It is not correct that the media tell the people what to think; but it is clear that they tell the people what to think about. Electoral Politics Today, television allows candidates to appeal directly to the people, without the help of a party organization. Candidates regularly try to use media coverage to their advantage. Newscasts featuring candidates are usually short, sharply focused sound bites—snappy reports that can be aired in 30 to 45 seconds. Chapter 8, Section 3 2222 1111

37. 2222 1111 Limits on Media Influence Only a small part of the public actually takes in and understands much of what the media have to say about public affairs. Many media sources mostly skim the news, reporting only what their news editors judge to be the most important and/or most interesting stories of the day. In-depth coverage of public affairs is available to those who want it and will seek it out.

38. Section 3 Review 1. Which of the following are major media?  (a) television  (b) newspapers  (c) magazines  (d) all of the above 2. According to the chart on international media usage found earlier in this section, which media source is accessible to the most Americans?  (a) newspapers  (b) radio  (c) television  (d) none of the above Chapter 8, Section 3 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2222 1111