1. The double life of a squirrel: seed disperser and predator 12.05.2012 Jakob Nalley, Liz Schultheis and Tomomi Suwa

2. Today’s Outline Background on dispersal and predation Field Experiment Project Squirrel (citizen science project)

3. Seeds

4. Why is there so much diversity in seed shape and size?

5. Seeds evolved many strategies to interact with other species Seeds encounter … Dispersers Predators

6. Dispersal Organism moves away from parent or current population

7. Stickiness

8. Bright color & fruits

9. Mass Production

10. Air & Wind

11. Water

12. Dispersal Why is it important to disperse?

13. Seed Predators Post-dispersal seed predators: larger, mobile and generalist. e.g. rodents, birds, ants Pre-dispersal seed predators: small, sedentary, specialist feeders e.g. insect larvae

15. Seed’s dilemma: Attractive for dispersers Defensive against predators vs.

16. Squirrel as disperser and predator Advantages of caching (from seed perspective): Disperse seeds Predators do not eat all the seeds they cache (some are lost) Death rates are lower for buried seeds than seeds exposed on the surface. Caching – a food storing behavior of animals (hoarding) e.g. birds, rodents, ants,

17. Chocolate-chip cookie study Steven Lima, Thomas Valone, and Thomas Caraco. 1985. Foraging-efficiency -- predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel. Animal Behaviour 33:155-165.

18. Squirrels are more likely to carry cookies over shorter distances Chocolate-chip cookie study Squirrels are more likely to carry larger cookies Size of Cookie

19. If you give a squirrel a cookie sunflower seed

21. What are the differences between these habitats from the perspective of a squirrel? Do you think a squirrel will behave more like a predator or a disperser depending on the habitat?

22. What are the differences between these habitats from the perspective of a squirrel? Do you think a squirrel will behave more like a predator or a disperser depending on the habitat? I predict that squirrels will behave more like a ___________ in the forest, compared to the open field. This is because _______________________. predator/disperser give a reason you might predict this

24. Data on seed consumption: Number of seed coats remaining (divide by 2 to get a number of seeds consumed at the tray) Number of full seeds remaining Number of seeds without coats remaining Difference between number of seeds placed into tray (100, or 50g) and number remaining Data on squirrel visitation: Number of footprints in the sand Squirrel observations when collecting trays Squirrel behaviors in each habitat type

29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxhn4W9 NKnY Citizen Scientists Unite!

30. Extra slides

31. Predators Organism that kills and feeds on its prey

32. Pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease in its host e.g. virus, bacteria, fungi, Pathogen do not necessarily kill the host animal/plant Need more pictures here

33. II. Scientific Method Steven Lima, Thomas Valone, and Thomas Caraco. 1985. Foraging- efficiency -- predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel. Animal Behaviour 33:155-165. Predict that tendency to carry a food item should decrease with distance of food from cover (predation risk) and increase with item size (food reward). Both risk and reward should influence behavior Experiments were conducted in Highland Park in Rochester, New York. The reward was chocolate-chip cookies, cut to weigh 1, 2, or 3 g. More “natural” foods were buried rather than eaten and cookies may be a “natural” food for a park squirrel anyway. Food was placed at different distances from trees.

34. II. Scientific Method Steven Lima, Thomas Valone, and Thomas Caraco. 1985.

35. II. Scientific Method Steven Lima, Thomas Valone, and Thomas Caraco. 1985. Foraging- efficiency -- predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel. Animal Behaviour 33:155-165. The authors conclude that the results support their hypothesis. Simple models that only incorporate foraging rate or only exposure to predators are insufficient, as both are important.