1. UNIT 7b: Solomon Island Fisheries Governance

2. 2 Solomons governance Activity 7b.1. Ask the class to write down what governance is and give examples of what they think is good governance.

3. 3 Governance There are two main types of fisheries governance in SI: 1.Formal – policy and legislation 2.Informal – traditional management systems

4. 4 Traditional Management Systems There are two main mechanisms of traditional management in SI: 1.Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) 2.Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) Often argued that it TEK is usually aimed at maximising fisheries production and could potentially contribute to resource depletion. Eg. Using knowledge of spawning times and places to target a species when they are easily caught and most vulnerable. However, TEK has a role to play when appropriately used in conjunction with conventional scientific data (see Sulu et al 2012, p17)

5. 5 Customary Marine Tenure Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) more than 90% of inshore coastal areas, islands and islets are owned under the CMT (traditional property ownership) system particular groups of people (e.g. family units, clans or tribes) have informal or formal rights to coastal areas and their historical rights to access and use marine resources are, in principle, exclusionary, transferable, and enforceable either on a conditional or permanent basis. recognised by SI National Constitution 1978

6. 6 Customary Marine Tenure Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) Over the last 30 years modernisation and socioeconomic changes have contributed to the ineffectiveness of CMT: declining respect for traditional leadership and authority the influence of markets and the commoditisation of resources changing consumption demographic patterns adoption of new religion the demise of traditional belief systems the uptake of modern gears which are more efficient

7. 7 Customary Marine Tenure As a result CMT has been unable to control declines in some species. Eg.: Trochus and green snail for buttons and jewellery Holothuria species for the beche de mer trade Tridacna species for adductor muscle Each of these examples are high value species where strong financial incentives have over-ridden CMT. CMT systems continue to thrive as dynamic socio-political links between local human populations and marine environments and they remain a key dimension in any initiative in coastal resource development in Solomon Islands

8. 8 Customary Marine Tenure CMT systems remain a key dimension in any initiative in coastal resource development in Solomon Islands. Need effective integration of CMT with modern formal governance systems. Eg. the Western Province Natural Resource Management Ordinance and the legal instruments associated with the establishment of the Arnavon Community Marine Conservation Area (ACMCA) allows the establishment of community by-laws for the purpose of resource management, and such by-laws are enforceable by the magistrates court. Major challenge is the cash economy inventive reducing compliance. Alternative income generation can mitigate this.

9. 9 Informal governance Characteristics of informal governance: Specifics on governance are not written. Governance is based on custom passed through generations. Governance is always evolving. Management and rules are normally not written. Decisions are often made by a single person such as the chief of a clan. Enforcement of rules normally enforced by the clan or family rather than fisheries officers. Penalties imposed for breach of rules is according to custom and often the burden of the penalty is shared with the whole clan. E.g. Making a feast or cooking a pig.

10. 10 Formal governance Policy The Solomon Islands government is a party to several regional and international environmental agreements. Other government policies relating to fisheries are embodied in overarching governement strategies and action plans. Such high level policies guide national, regional and local actions in protecting and supporting sustainable fisheries. Eg., the National Strategy for the Management of Inshore Fisheries and Marine Resources (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources 2010)

11. 11 Formal governance Legislation Legislation are results of acts of the National Parliament which directly provide for marine environmental protection, sustainable utilisation and management of marine natural resources. Key fisheries legialstion in SI are: The Fisheries Act 1998 (currently in review) The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 The Shipping Act 1998 The Environment Act 1998 The Protected Areas Act 2010

12. 12 Formal governance Characteristics of formal governance: Formal written laws to support the establishment of institutions. Governance institutions operate across large areas and for large populations, e.g. the whole country or the whole province. Institutions, mechanisms and processes can be changed by changing policies, amendments to laws or making new laws. Policies, laws and rules are written. Implementation is supported by Government budget. Policies and law can be changed through a democratic process. Elected leaders can make decisions on policies and law

13. 13 Activity Activity 7b.2. Ask the class to list the types of governance and specify the difference between the types of governance. Activity 7b.3: Ask the class to list the roles of the main government institutions in formal governance of coastal fisheries. Activity 7b.4: Ask the class to give examples of informal governance from the area they come from.

14. 14 Local scale compliance Despite laws local compliance is still an issue: Dynamite fishing commonly practiced in Nggela, Malaita and Guadalcanal Hunting and consumption of turtle is still common in many parts of the country Sea cucumber harvest closure is still flouted Even the Arnavon Marine Conservation Area which has fulltime rangers and is the best managed conservation area in the Solomon Islands still has compliance issues

15. 15 Local scale compliance Compliance remains a challenge due to: Lack of enforcement Daily subsistence requirements and economic demands to meet one’s personal needs and social obligations Ignorance e.g. Biological aspects of species Poor understanding of the rationale behind legislations and regulations (needs awareness)

16. 16 Activity 7b.5: Describe the pros and cons of formal and informal governance systems in SI.

17. 17 Review 15 minute personal review: unit review, students to review main concepts of unit in the course notes, contribute any new words (new to them) to their own personal glossary in the back of their notebook (local language equivalent terms should also be recorded where possible)