1. Computer Science A 9: 3/11

2. Inheritance Today: Inheritance (JC 11.1-11.3 – CCJ 9.1-9.3) I have to leave at 11am (but you can stay)

3. DataSet for BankAccounts public class DataSet{ // Modified for BankAccount objects... public void add(BankAccount x) { sum = sum + x.getBalance(); if(count==0||maximum.getBalance()<x.getBalance()) maximum = x; count++; } public BankAccount getMaximum(){ return maximum; } private double sum; private BankAccount maximum; private int count; }

4. DataSet for Coins public class DataSet{ // Modified for Coin objects... public void Coin x) { sum = sum + x.getValue(); if(count==0||maximum.getValue()<x.getValue()) maximum = x; count++; } public Coin getMaximum(){ return maximum; } private double sum; private Coin maximum; private int count; }

5. Interface public interface Measurable { double getMeasure(); } Measurable is an interface – a description of what a class my contains

6. Interface Some classes my ”implement” this interface. This means that they contain all the methods described in the interface. public class BankAccount implements Measurable { public double getMeasure() { return balance; } // Additional methods and fields } public class Coin implements Measurable { public double getMeasure() { return value; }... }

7. General dataset public class DataSet { public void add(Measurable x) { sum = sum + x.getMeasure(); if(count==0||maximum.getMeasure()<x.getMeasure()) maximum = x; count++; } public Measurable getMaximum() { return maximum; } private double sum; private Measurable maximum; private int count; }

8. Converting objects You can convert from a class type to an interface type, provided the class implements the interface BankAccount account = new BankAccount(10000); Measurable x = account; // OK Coin dime = new Coin(0.1, "dime"); Measurable x = dime; // Also OK Cannot convert between unrelated types Measurable x = new Rectangle(5,10,20,30); // ERROR Because Rectangle doesn't implement Measurable

9. casts Add coin objects to DataSet DataSet coinData = new DataSet(); coinData.add(new Coin(0.25, "quarter")); coinData.add(new Coin(0.1, "dime"));... Measurable max = coinData.getMaximum(); // Get the largest coin What can you do with it? It's not of type Coin String name = max.getName(); // ERROR You need a cast to convert from an interface type to a class type You know it's a coin, but the compiler doesn't. Apply a cast: Coin maxCoin = (Coin) max; String name = maxCoin.getName(); If you are wrong and max isn't a coin, the compiler throws an exception

10. Polymorphism Interface variable holds reference to object of a class that implements the interface Measurable x; x = new BankAccount(10000); x = new Coin(0.1, "dime"); Note that the object to which x refers doesn't have type Measurable; the type of the object is some class that implements the Measurable interface You can call any of the interface methods: double m = x.getMeasure(); Which method is called?

11. Polymorphism Depends on the actual object. If x refers to a bank account, calls BankAccount.getMeasure If x refers to a coin, calls Coin.getMeasure Polymorphism (many shapes): Behavior can vary depending on the actual type of an object Called late binding: resolved at runtime Different from overloading; overloading is resolved by the compiler (early binding)

12. interface MyShape interface MyShape{ void drawOn(JCanvas canvas); }

13. class Tree class Tree implements MyShape{ Tree(int x,int y){this.x=x; this.y=y;} int x,y; public void drawOn(JCanvas canvas){ canvas.drawArc(x,y,200,200,290,320); canvas.drawLine(x+80,y+300,x+80,y+180); canvas.drawLine(x+120,y+300,x+120,y+180); }

14. class Car class Car implements MyShape{ Car(int x,int y){this.x=x; this.y=y;} int x,y; public void drawOn(JCanvas canvas){ canvas.drawRect(x,y+50,300,50); canvas.drawLine(x+50,y+50,x+100,y); canvas.drawLine(x+100,y,x+200,y); canvas.drawLine(x+200,y,x+250,y+50); canvas.drawOval(x+50,y+100,50,50); canvas.drawOval(x+200,y+100,50,50); }

15. class MyShapeTest port javax.swing.*; public class MyShapeTest{ public static void main(String args[]){ JFrame frame=new JFrame("MyShapes"); frame.setSize(600,600); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); JCanvas canvas=new JCanvas(); frame.add(canvas); MyShape s1=new Car(10,300); MyShape s2=new Car(270,400); MyShape s3=new Tree(330,40); s1.drawOn(canvas); s2.drawOn(canvas); s3.drawOn(canvas); frame.setVisible(true); }

16. Example

17. And more… An interface is a placeholder for a number of classes. Inheritance is also that you can extend a class. This is the corner-stone of object- oriented programming and code reuse: Extend classes Override methods Protect access

18. Example class Point{ int x; int y; Point(int x,int y){ this.x=x; this.y=y; } public String toString(){ return "("+x+","+y+")"; }

19. Example class Point3D extends Point{ int z; Point3D(int x,int y,int z){ super(x,y); this.z=z; } public String toString(){ return "("+x+","+y+","+z+")";} }

20. Example Point a=new Point(2,4); System.out.println(a.toString()); Point3D b=new Point3D(7,9,13); System.out.println(b.toString()); A Point3D ”is-a” Point object and may be used as a Point object

21. Basics: class A{ int f(){return 2;} } class B extends A{ int f(){return 3;} }.. A a1=new A(); int i1=a1.f(); // ok, i=2 A a2=new B(); int i1=a2.f(); // ok, i=3 B b1=new A(); // not ok B b2=new B(); int i1=b2.f(); // ok, i=3

22. Inheriting Methods Override method: Supply a different implementation of a method that exists in the superclass Must have same signature (same name and same parameter types) If method is applied to an object of the subclass type, the overriding method is executed Inherit method: Don't supply a new implementation of a method that exists in superclass Superclass method can be applied to the subclass objects Add method: Supply a new method that doesn't exist in the superclass New method can be applied only to subclass objects

23. Inheriting Instance Fields Can't override fields Inherit field: All fields from the superclass are automatically inherited Add field: Supply a new field that doesn't exist in the superclass

24. Constructors public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { public CheckingAccount(double initialBalance) { // Construct superclass super(initialBalance); // Initialize transaction count transactionCount = 0; }... } super followed by a parenthesis indicates a call to the superclass constructor Must be the first statement in subclass constructor If subclass constructor doesn't call superclass constructor, default superclass constructor is used (no arguments)

25. Cast an instanceof class A{.. } class B extends A{..void g().. } A a= new B(); // ok a.g(); // not ok If(a instanceof B){ B b= (B) a; // cast b.g(); // ok }

26. Access control Java has four levels of controlling access to fields, methods, and classes: public access –Can be accessed by methods of all classes private access –Can be accessed only by the methods of their own class protected access –Access from subclasses package access –The default, when no access modifier is given –Can be accessed by all classes in the same package –Good default for classes, but extremely unfortunate for field