1. Garment Wet Processing Presented by Aart Geurtsen

2. Wet processing of Cotton Fabric

3. China is the largest producer in the world. Current estimate of world cotton production is about 25 millions tons per year This means 112 millions bales of 480 lb/heac.

4. The properties of the cotton fiber varies from the conditions and the area where cotton is produced. X 1000 X 480 lb. bales Source: United States Department of Agriculture * Bangladesh = 66

5. Preparation of the Cotton fabric Scour Pre-Bleach Prepare for dyeing

6. Scour 0.5% Triscour JET conc 1.0% Soda ash 2.0% Caustic Soda 50% 96°C for 30 minutes Rinse et neutralize Option 1 The scouring removes all dirts & chemicals present on the fabric, which could interfer with the pretreatment (cationisation) of the fabric. It helps to make the fabric more absorbant allowing, in the same time, a better diffusion of the chemicals used to pretreat or cationise the fibre.

7. Pre-Bleach 142,150 Helps remove the oxidized oils and the yellow pigment in the cotton. This bleaching will help to obtain pale shades and more brilliant colors. 0.5% Triscour JET conc (wetting + detergent) 0.1% Tristabilizer Jet-5 ( H 2 O 2 Stabilizer) 2% Caustic Soda 50% (NaOH) 4% Peroxide 50% (H 2 O 2 ) (Temperature of 96°C for approximately 30 minutes) Note: For a white, we will add an optical brightener Tricoblanc BA 80% liquid. 0.8% - 1.0 % owg. This operation of bleaching will be followed by a neutralization with acetic acid, as well as the neutralization of peroxide by a catalase enzyme, such as Triminox GH. Option 2

8. Prepare for dyeing Jersey or Fleece Applying lubricant After pre-bleach, the cotton will need an application of a polyethylene emultion and/or fatty acid in order to facilitate the operations of napping or cut and sew. This softener-lubricant is very easy to remove with a light Scouring, before carrying out the dyeing. This operation is usually made by nip padder with: 30 gr. liter of Tricosoft MSG

9. Dyeing process with pigments Scouring Cationic pretreatment Dyeing Softener application

10. First Step prior to Garment Dying In some cases the presence of hand modifiers, could make the fibre practically hydrophobic Good scouring is a must 0.5 gr./l. T riscour JET conc 1.0 gr./l. Sodium Carbonate 2.0 gr./l. Caustic Soda (optional) Run 60 °C for 30 min. (Optional 96°C for 30 minutes)

11. Scouring Process 30°C 1% Triwhite JET 5 60°C 5` 10` 10` 5` Dyeing 1% Soda ash

12. Ring dye process Why fixing the dyes at the surface of the fiber? All conventional methods of dyeing suggest to penetrate completely the fiber. In the ring dye process, we apply the dyes right onto the surface of the fiber to allow subsequent wash down. The mechanical action in the machine will contribute to give an old or worn out effect to the garment, which will appear to have been washed many times in a laundering machine.

13. Fiber Cationic Pigment Effect of abrasion Effect of Abrasion

14. Pigment Dyeing (Ionic Bond) Pigments Cationic Agent Cotton Cationisation agent of positive load adheres to the surface of fibre in a first operation named “pretreat” and then the dye of negative charge adheres to the surface of the cationic agent in the second operation, the dyeing. Pigment Cationic Agent Fiber

15. Cationic Pretreatment Process 30°C Triscour Jet conc. 60°C 2` 5` 20` 15` 5` 10` 5` Dyeing Tricellulase BPN Acetic Acid Dosing Texafix BR

16. Pigment Dyeing Process 30°C Texalev JL 60°C 2` 15` 10` 20` 20` 10` 5` Pigment + Tri Binder AC-M-2240N by dosing Acetic Acid option addition Sample check 1. Rinse 20 ° C 2. Rinse 40 ° C

17. Pigments vs others types of dyeing Pigments Ionic bonds Direct Forces of Van der Waalls Reactive Covalent bonds Sulphur Fixed by insolubilisation

18. Direct Dyes The direct dye being of negative charge just like cotton, makes them repulse. It is necessary in the case of the direct dyeings to use an ELECTROLYTE which will separate in positive and negative ions in the bath from dyeing. The positive ions will move towards fibre to fill the negative charge of cotton. The negative ions will make competition with the dye of negative charge and will make it to go up on fibre by force of repulsion. Salt will help the dye to get on fibre, the temperature will help with the swelling of fibre, and a neutral or slightly alkaline pH to help with the solubilizing groupings.

19. Classes of Direct Dyes Class A: These dyes have a great capacity of migration even when electorlytes are involved. It can be unequal at the beginning, but will level out when a temperature of 205°F is reached Class B: These dyes have less migration and use less électrolytes. The levelness of these dyes can be controlled by by salt addition. It is very important that the dye is also applied from the very start. Class C: These dyes have a very poor capacity of migration and they are very sensitive to the electrolytes. In certain cases these dyes exhaust quickly without addition of salt. Note: When temperature decreases the affinity of the dye for fibre also decreases, but it increases its capacity of migration towards the other sites, thus improving levelness.

20. Procedure for Direct Dyes 30°C 96°C 50°C Acide Tricofix NZ Trilube XTC Soda Dyes Dose Salt

21. Precautions in production The dissolution of the direct dye is done at the temperature of the cycle of dyeing, This means 96°C except for the black 22 were we add the dye to the warm water already in agitation to avoid agglomeration of dye. Dosing(proportioning) of the dye is done by the return water in the addition tank.

22. Reactive Dyes The dye is not attracted towards fibre, we have to use an electrolyte to push the dye towards fibre The reactive grouping of the dye bonds with the alcohols group of the cellulose which is present as an atom and will form a very solid covalent bond. The reaction between fibre and the dye will release acide HCl, This is why it will be necessary to compensate with alkali to keep a pH of ±11. Deep shade generate more HCL and consequently requires more alkali to obtain our pH. Refer to table of Alkali for good fixation

23. Reactivity of the dyes Trichloro pyrimidine Drimarene XZ Monochloro trazine Cibacron E, Procion H/HE, Triactive HE Vinyl Sulphone Monochlorotrazine Triactive DF Vinyl Sulphone Triactive & Remazol Monofluoro triazine & Vinyl sulphone Cibacron C Dichloro quinoxaline Levafix E Monofluorotriazine Cibacron F Difluoro monochloro pyrimidine Levafix E/A Drimarene K/R Dichloro triazine Procion MX Low. Reactivity High

24. Precautions in production Add the dye in 30 minutes or more, allowing good diffusion in fibre before adding alkali. Ensure to maintain a ph of ± 11 after the alkali addition to assure good fixation of the dyes. The dissolution of the reactive dye is done at the temperature of the cycle of dyeing, Exemple: 60°C for Triactive DF, or 80°C for Triactive HE. Add the dye powder to water with agitation, to not create agglomeration of dye Dosing (proportional) of the dye and Alkali should be done with fresh water and not by the return water in the addition tank

25. Graph Legend Process Cycle Products AdditionDrop Bath Optional Step 30°C Run for45 minutes 60  C Soaping 6 Tex Alkali ASL 45’ 4 3 1 80  C 6 Run for45 minutes 2 Dyes 20’ 5 30 min 10’ 1. Tridefoam AGD, 2. Triminox GH, 3. Salt, 4. Trilube BW, 5. Triactive dyes 6. Dosing Tex Alkali ASL Soaping is performed at 96  C with Triquest HON for 10 minutes Option 1. Triactive DF 60  C Option 2. Triactive Hot type 80  C Options

26. Soaping of the Reactive dyes In this way the remaining electrolyte will be removed, thus reducing the affinity of the dye for fibre, thus helping the washing off. The dye not fixed and hydrolized will be removed in its turn and we will obtain better rubbing and washing fastness. In reactive dyeing, usually the dye will be fixed on fibre, but there will be also hydrolized dyes on the surface of fibre. Indeed certain bonds are done with fibre, but unfortunately some are also done with water. For this reason it will be necessary after fixing, to rinse fabric very well and make a soaping with Triquest HON wich is a very good dispersing and anti-redeposition agent.

27. Stripping of the Reactive dyes 4 gr./l. Caustic soda 50% heat to 80°C 2 gr./l. Tritex TD (Thioreadioxide) heat to 100°C Run for 30 minutes rimse and neutralize 1 gr./l. Soda Ash pH 10 - 11 20 gr./l. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) heat to 50°C run for 20 minutes Rinse Neutralize with 2 gr./l. Sodium Métabisulphite 50°C for 15 minutes Option #1 Option #2

28. Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes These dyes are usually insoluble and require to be solubilized or reduced to be able to penetrate fibre. They will be finally rendered insoluble again to remain permanently. Example formulation of the bath reductor for 18 % of dyeing 1.0gr./l. Tridefoam AGD 1.0gr./l. Triquest XRD 0.5gr./l. Technowet SW-1 30.0 gr./l. Salt 12.0 gr./l. Dextrose 11.0 gr./l. Caustic Soda 50% 18% owg Tricosulphur Black RC liq. Temperature 96 C for 30 minutes Temperature 96 ° C for 30 minutes (For Deep Black Shades)

29. Procedure for Sulphur Dyes 40 40°C AGD XRD SW-1 Salt, Dextrose, Caustic 85 85°C Tricosulphur Black RC liq. 96 96°C 80 80°C Overflow rinse. rinse. Soda Trioxy AL 50 50°C 3 3°C min. 1°C min. 10’ 20’ 20’ 10’ 30’ 20’ 10’ 20’ 20’ 10’ 30’ 20’ Procedure for Sulphur Dyes

30. Oxidation of suffur dyes Oxydation of this dye is very important to obtain good fastness. Alkaline Oxidation 1 gr./l. Soda ash 2% Trioxy AL 50 °C for 20 minutes Trioxy AL remains the best, since we stay in alkaline medium. The danger in the dyeing with sulphurs would be to leave the material in acid medium at the end of the cycle, which could lead to tenderizing of fibre by sulphuric acid formation during the warehousing time.

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