1. Groundwater

2. Objectives Students will review the water cycle
Students will identify properties of aquifers that affect the flow of groundwater.
Students will describe factors that affect the water budget.
Students will identify approaches to water conservation and reclamation

3. Arizona State Standards
Strand 6: Concept 1: PO1
Identify ways water is cycled within the
Earth system.
Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 5
Describe factors that impact current and
future water quantity and quality.
Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 6
Analyze methods of reclamation and
conservation of water.

4. Water Cycle Water is essential to all life on Earth.
Water is constantly changing from one form to another.
Water vapor falls from the sky as rain.
Glaciers melt to form streams.
Rivers flow into oceans.
Water flows through the rock below Earth’s surface.

5. Label the parts to the water cycle
Do you
know where
your water
has been? 3 2 5 4 1 6

6. The Water Cycle Rap

7. Partner Work List 2 ways in which water reaches the ocean.
Outline the major stages of the water cycle.
List the forms of precipitation.
Explain the difference between condensation and precipitation.

8. Groundwater
Where does the water from your faucet come from?

9. Water Beneath the Surface
Groundwater is the water that is beneath the surface
Aquifer: a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater
Porosity is the percentage of the total open spaces in rock or sediment
Permeability is the ease at which water flows through open pore spaces.

10. Zones of Aquifers Water forms a film around Forms a cone
grains of topsoil.
Zones of Aquifers
Forms a cone
of depression
Zone of
aeration
Zone of
saturation

11. Recharge zones are areas where water from the surface can travel through permeable rock to reach an aquifer.

12. The Ground Water Song

13. Partner Work
Identify the difference between porosity and permeability, and explain how permeability affects the flow of groundwater.
Name and describe the two zones of groundwater.
Define the term cone of depression.
Compare the rock layers in an artesian formation with those in an ordinary well
Which type of well would provide a community with a more constant source of water: an ordinary well or an artesian well?
Why is protecting the environment from pollution important for communities in recharge zones?

14. Water Budget The continuous water cycle establishes the water budget.
Factors that affect the water budget:
Temperature
Vegetation
Wind
The amount and duration of rainfall

15. The local water budget varies geographically.
When precipitation exceeds evapo-transpiration the result is moist soil.
Tropical forest receive more rainfall than what is evaporated.

16. When evapo-transpiration exceeds precipitaion, the soil is dry.
Deserts have more evaporation than precipitation

17. Local Water Budget
Affected by the seasons

18. Partner Work What processes establish the Earth’s water budget?
Explain why most local water budgets are not balanced.
Describe how vegetation and rainfall affect the local water budget.
How does the local water budget differ from the water budget of the whole world?
In Earth’s water budget, what processes are losses, or expenses?

19. Factors that affect the quantity and quality of water supplies
Drought/Climate Change
Overuse
Geographic location
Water Pollution
Agriculture

20. Drought

21. Overuse

22. Geographic Location

23. Water Pollution

24. Pollution From Agriculture

25. Water Conservation
The World Health Organization of the United Nations states that:
400 million people today are affected by water shortages.
By 2025, 2.7 billion people will be affected.
By 2050, 4 billion people will be affected.
If the world continues to consume water at the current rate, southwestern states with little precipitation, such as Arizona will face severe shortages by 2025.

26. Now For a Brief Demonstration
Every Drop Counts

27. Reflection Questions
Given that there is a fixed amount of fresh water on the planet, what will happen to the distribution of water resources as global population increases?
What happens when people do not have enough water to meet their basic needs?
What happens when a fresh water resource is polluted? Why is it important to protect fresh water resources from pollution?
What are some other purposes/uses of fresh water aside from human consumption?
How can we reduce our personal water use?

28. Water Facts
25% of people in the world lack access to safe drinking water.
1,300 gallons of water is used each day by the average person in the United States.
Agriculture accounts for 65-70% of water use: Industry 20-25%: Domestic about 13%

29. Water Reclamation
Water reclamation is a process by which wastewater from homes and businesses is cleaned using biological and chemical treatment so that the water can be returned to the environment safely to augment the natural systems from which it came. It is used today as both an aquifer and stream enhancement strategy.

30. Waste Water Treatment Tour

31. CAP Water For You
Central Arizona Project is designed to bring about 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water per year to Pima, Pinal and Maricopa counties.
CAP carries water from Lake Havasu near Parker to the southern boundary of the San Xavier Indian Reservation southwest of Tucson.
It is a 336-mile long system of aqueducts, tunnels, pumping plants and pipelines.
It is the largest single resource of renewable water supplies in the state of Arizona.

32. Central Arizona Project, Part 1

33. Central Arizona Project, Part 2