1. Chapter Descriptive Statistics 1 of 149 2 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Section 2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs 2 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Frequency Distribution The organization of raw data in table form using classes and frequencies. The frequency, f, of a class is the number of data entries in the class. ClassFrequency, f 1–55 6–108 11–156 16–208 21–255 26–304 Lower class limits Upper class limits Class width 6 – 1 = 5 3 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Expanded Frequency Distribution ClassFrequency, fMidpoint Relative frequency Cumulative frequency 59–1145 86.5 0.17 5 115–1708142.5 0.2713 171–2266198.50.219 227–2825254.5 0.1724 283–3382310.5 0.0726 339–3941366.5 0.0327 395–4503422.50.130 Σf = 30 4 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Constructing a Frequency Distribution 1.Decide on the number of classes. – Usually between 5 and 20; otherwise, it may be difficult to detect any patterns. – Try to make all classes the same width. – No classes should overlap 2.Find the class width. – (Max entry – Min entry)/# of classes – Round up to the next convenient number. 5 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Constructing a Frequency Distribution 3.Find the class limits. – You can use the minimum data entry as the lower limit of the first class. – Find the remaining lower limits (add the class width to the lower limit of the preceding class). – Find the upper limit of the first class. Remember that classes cannot overlap. – Find the remaining upper class limits. 6 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Constructing a Frequency Distribution 4.Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the appropriate class. 5.Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for each class. 6.Midpoint = (Lower class limit + Upper class limit)/2 7.Relative Frequency = Class frequency/Sample size 8.The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the frequency for the class and all previous classes. 7 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Example: Constructing a Frequency Distribution The following sample data set lists the prices (in dollars) of 30 portable global positioning system (GPS) navigators. Construct a frequency distribution that has seven classes. 90 130 400 200 350 70 325 250 150 250 275 270 150 130 59 200 160 450 300 130 220 100 200 400 200 250 95 180 170 150 8 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Solution: Constructing a Frequency Distribution 1.Number of classes = 7 (given) 2.Find the class width Round up to 56 90 130 400 200 350 70 325 250 150 250 275 270 150 130 59 200 160 450 300 130 220 100 200 400 200 250 95 180 170 150 9 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Solution: Constructing a Frequency Distribution Lower limit Upper limit 59 115 171 227 283 339 395 Class width = 56 3.Use 59 (minimum value) as first lower limit. Add the class width of 56 to get the lower limit of the next class. 59 + 56 = 115 Find the remaining lower limits. 10 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Solution: Constructing a Frequency Distribution The upper limit of the first class is 114 (one less than the lower limit of the second class). Add the class width of 56 to get the upper limit of the next class. 114 + 56 = 170 Find the remaining upper limits. Lower limit Upper limit 59114 115170 171226 227282 283338 339394 395450 Class width = 56 11 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Solution: Constructing a Frequency Distribution 4.Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the appropriate class. 5.Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for each class. ClassTallyFrequency, f 59–114 IIII 5 115–170 IIII III 8 171–226 IIII I 6 227–282 IIII 5 283–338 II 2 339–394 I 1 395–450 III 3 12 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Determining the Midpoint Midpoint of a class ClassMidpointFrequency, f 59–1145 115–1708 171–2266 Class width = 56 13 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Determining the Relative Frequency Relative Frequency of a class Portion or percentage of the data that falls in a particular class. ClassFrequency, fRelative Frequency 59–1145 115–1708 171–2266 14 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Determining the Cumulative Frequency Cumulative frequency of a class The sum of the frequencies for that class and all previous classes. ClassFrequency, fCumulative frequency 59–1145 115–1708 171–2266 + + 5 13 19 15 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Expanded Frequency Distribution ClassFrequency, fMidpoint Relative frequency Cumulative frequency 59–1145 86.5 0.17 5 115–1708142.5 0.2713 171–2266198.50.219 227–2825254.5 0.1724 283–3382310.5 0.0726 339–3941366.5 0.0327 395–4503422.50.130 Σf = 30 16 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Graphs of Frequency Distributions Frequency Histogram A bar graph that represents the frequency distribution. The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the data values. The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the classes. Consecutive bars must touch. data values frequency 17 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Class Boundaries Class Class boundaries Frequency, f 59–114 58.5–114.55 115–170114.5–170.58 171–226170.5–226.56 227–282226.5–282.55 283–338282.5–338.52 339–394338.5–394.51 395–450394.5–450.53 18 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The numbers that separate classes without forming gaps between them.

19. Solution: Frequency Histogram (using class boundaries) 19 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Solution: Frequency Histogram (using Midpoints) 20 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Graphs of Frequency Distributions Frequency Polygon A line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in frequencies. Plot the points that represent the midpoint and frequencies of each class connect the points, extending the left and right to the horizontal axis (one class width). data values frequency 21 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Solution: Frequency Polygon The graph should begin and end on the horizontal axis, so extend the left side to one class width before the first class midpoint and extend the right side to one class width after the last class midpoint. 22 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Graphs of Frequency Distributions Relative Frequency Histogram Has the same shape and the same horizontal scale as the corresponding frequency histogram. The vertical scale measures the relative frequencies, not frequencies. data values relative frequency 23 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. Solution: Relative Frequency Histogram 6.5 18.5 30.5 42.5 54.5 66.5 78.5 90.5 24 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. Graphs of Frequency Distributions Cumulative Frequency Graph or Ogive A line graph that displays the cumulative frequency of each class at its upper class boundary. The upper boundaries are marked on the horizontal axis. The cumulative frequencies are marked on the vertical axis. Connect the points in order from left to right. The graph should start at the lower boundary of the first class (cumulative frequency is zero) and should end at the upper boundary of the last class (cumulative frequency is equal to the sample size). data values cumulative frequency 25 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Solution: Ogive 6.5 18.5 30.5 42.5 54.5 66.5 78.5 90.5 26 of 149 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Work in pairs on the following (worth 5 extra points on the first test). 1.Gather data as to student driving time to NWFSC (in minutes). 2. A frequency distribution of the data 3. A frequency histogram 4. A frequency polygon 5. A relative frequency histogram 6. An ogive