1. 1 CS101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 23 Flow Control & Loops (Web Development Lecture 8)

2. 2 During the last lecture we had a discussion on Data Types, Variables & Operators We found out about JavaScript data types About variables and literals We also discussed several operators supported by JavaScript

3. 3 JavaScript Data Types JavaScript recognizes & distinguishes among the following types of values: –Numbers –Booleans –Strings –Undefined

4. 4 Variables Variables give us the ability to manipulate data through reference instead of actual value Variables are containers that hold values

5. 5 Declaring Variables Although JavaScript allows variable declaration, it does not require it - except in the case when we want to declare a variable being local (more on local variables later in the course!)

6. 6 JavaScript Variables are Dynamically Typed Any variable in JavaScript can hold any type of value, and the that type can change midway through the program

7. 7 JavaScript Operators JavaScript has numerous operators, classified in many categories. We will look at only a few of them belonging to the following categories: –Assignment operators –Arithmetic operators –Comparison operators –Logical operators –String operators

8. 8 comments let the code speak for itself!

9. 9 x = 75 ;// x is the decimal number y = “” ;// y is the binary equivalent while ( x > 0 ) { remainder = x % 2 ; quotient = Math.floor( x / 2 ) ; y = remainder + y ; x = quotient ; } document.write( “y = ” + y ) ; Decimal to Binary Conversion in JavaScript

10. 10 Today’s Lecture: Flow Control & Loops We’ll try to understand the concept of flow control using the “if” and “switch” structures And also the concept behind the “while” and “for” looping structures We will solve simple problems using flow control and loop structures

11. 11 Flow Control

12. 12 Select between alternate courses of action depending upon the evaluation of a condition statement block 1 condition TrueFalse statement block 2

13. 13 JavaScript Flow Control Structures if … else switch

14. 14 if: Example 1 if ( day == “Sunday” ) bhola = “Cool” ; Set the value of the variable ‘bhola to ‘Cool’ if the ‘day’ is equal to ‘Sunday’ The condition enclosed in parentheses semicolon

15. 15 This was the case if we want to execute a single statement given that the condition is true What if we want to execute multiple statements in case the condition is true?

16. 16 if: Example 2 if ( day == “Sunday” ) { bhola = “Cool” ; mood = “Great” ; clothing = “Casual” ; } Set the value of the variable ‘bhola to ‘Cool’, ‘mood’ to ‘Great’, and ‘clothing’ to ‘casual’ if the ‘day’ is equal to ‘Sunday’ These curly braces group the multiple statements into a single compound statement

17. 17 if: Example 2 if ( day == “Sunday” ) { bhola = “Cool” ; mood = “Great” ; clothing = “Casual” ; } Set the value of the variable ‘status’ to ‘Cool’, ‘mood’ to ‘Great’, and ‘clothing’ to ‘casual’ if the ‘day’ is equal to ‘Sunday’ Note: No semicolon after the closing curly brace

18. 18 Compound Statements 1.At times, we need to put multiple statements at places where JavaScript expects only one 2.For those situations, JavaScript provides a way of grouping a number of statements into a single statement, called a “statement block”

19. 19 Compound Statements 3.This is done simply by enclosing any number of statements within curly braces, { } 4.NOTE: Although the statements within the block end in semicolons, the block itself doesn’t

20. 20 if: Example 3 if ( (day == “Sunday”) || (day == “Saturday”) ) { bhola = “Cool” ; mood = “Great” ; clothing = “Casual” ; }

21. 21 if: Example 4 weekend = ( day == “Sunday” ) || ( day == “Saturday” ) ; if ( weekend ) { bhola = “Cool” ; mood = “Great” ; clothing = “Casual” ; } What is the data type of the variable “weekend”?

22. 22 We now know how to execute a statement or a block of statements given that the condition is true What if we want to include an alternate action as well, i.e. a statement or a block of statements to be executed in case the condition in not true

23. 23 if … else: Example 1 if ( GPA >= 1.0 ) bhola = “Pass” ; else bhola = “Fail” ;

24. 24 if … else: Example 2 if ( GPA >= 1.0 ) { bhola = “Pass” ; } else bhola = “Fail” ;

25. 25 if … else: Example 3 if ( GPA >= 1.0 ) { bhola = “Pass” ; mood = “Great” ; } else bhola = “Fail” ;

26. 26 if … else: Example 4 if ( GPA >= 1.0 ) { bhola = “Pass” ; mood = “Great” ; } else { bhola = “Fail” ; mood = “Terrible” ; }

27. 27 if … else: Example 5 if ( grade == “A” ) points = 4.0 ; if ( grade == “B” ) points = 3.0 ; if ( grade == “C” ) points = 2.0 ; if ( grade == “D” ) points = 1.0 ; if ( grade == “F” ) points = 0.0 ; What can we do to improve it? This piece of code is correct, but not very efficient!

28. 28 Nested if … else Structures

29. 29 if … else: Example 6 if ( grade == “A” ) points = 4.0 ; else { if ( grade == “B” ) points = 3.0 ; else { if ( grade == “C” ) points = 2.0 ; else { if ( grade == “D” ) points = 1.0 ; else points = 0.0 ; }

30. 30 JavaScript Flow Control Structures if … else switch

31. 31 switch: Example 1 switch ( grade ) { case “A” : points = 4.0 ; break ; case “B” : points = 3.0 ; break ; case “C” : points = 2.0 ; break ; case “D” : points = 1.0 ; break ; default : points = 0.0 ; } The expression enclosed in parentheses is evaluated and matched with case labels This is a case label A colon following the case label is required This ‘break’ statement is the exit point The ‘default’ statement acts like the ‘else’ clause in the ‘if…else’ structure

32. 32 switch: Example 2 switch ( inquiry ) { case “apple” : document.write( “Apples are Rs 50/kg” ) ; break ; case “mangos” : document.write( “Mangos are Rs 90/kg” ) ; break ; case “grapes” : document.write( “Grapes are Rs 60/kg” ) ; break ; default : document.write( inquiry + “? Please retry!” ) ; }

33. 33 ? if … else switch

34. 34 if…else --?-- switch If the action to be taken of the value of a single variable (or a single expression), use ‘switch’ When the action depends on the values of multiple variables (or expressions), use the ‘if...else’ structure

35. 35 if … else: Example 7 if ( ( GPA >= 1.0 ) && ( attendance >= 40 ) ) bhola = “Pass” ; else { if ( ( GPA >= 2.0 ) && ( attendance >= 36 ) ) bhola = “Probation” ; else bhola = “Fail” ; }

36. 36 Loops

37. 37 Loop through a set of statements as long as a condition is true condition True False statement block

38. 38 JavaScript’s Looping Structures while for …

39. 39 x = 75 ;// x is the decimal number y = “” ;// y is the binary equivalent while ( x > 0 ) { remainder = x % 2 ; quotient = Math.floor( x / 2 ) ; y = remainder + y ; x = quotient ; } document.write( “y = ” + y ) ; Decimal to Binary Conversion in JavaScript The condition enclosed in parentheses

40. 40 while: Example 2 while ( tankIsFull == false ) { tank = tank + bucket ; } document.write ( “Tank is full now” ) ;

41. 41 while: Example 3 x = 1 ; while ( x < 6000 ) { document.write ( x ) ; x = x + 1 ; }

42. 42 JavaScript’s Looping Structures while for …

43. 43 for: Example 1 x = 1 ; while ( x < 6000 ) { document.write ( x ) ; x = x + 1 ; } for ( x = 1 ; x < 6000 ; x = x + 1 ) { document.write ( x ) ; } Initial countConditionOperation

44. 44 for: Description (1) 1.The ‘for’ loop starts by initializing the counter variable (which in this case is x) 2.The initial value in this case is ‘1’, but can be any other positive or negative number as well 3.Next the ‘for’ loop checks the condition. If the condition evaluates to a ‘true’ value, the ‘for’ loop goes through the loop once

45. 45 for: Description (2) 4.After reaching the end of that iteration, the ‘for’ loop goes to the top once again, performs the operation, checks the condition 5.If the condition evaluates to a ‘false’ value, the ‘for’ loop finishes looping 6.Otherwise, the ‘for’ loop goes through the loop once again 7.Repeat from step 4

46. 46 for: Example 2 for ( x = 99 ; x < 6000 ; x = x + 1 ) { document.write ( x ) ; }

47. 47 for: Example 3 for ( x = 6000 ; x > 0 ; x = x - 1 ) { document.write ( x ) ; } How many iterations would this ‘for’ loop run for? 6000?

48. 48 for: Example 4 for ( x = 6000 ; x < 0 ; x = x - 1 ) { document.write ( x ) ; } How many iterations would this ‘for’ loop run for? None?

49. 49 ? for while

50. 50 for --?-- while When the exact number of iterations is known, use the ‘for’ loop When the number of iterations depend upon a condition being met, use the ‘while’ loop

51. 51 ‘for’ loops become especially useful when used in conjunction with arrays We’ll find out about arrays next time, and we’ll probe their usefulness as part of ‘for’ loop structures

52. 52 During Today’s Lecture … We discussed the concept of flow control using the “if” and “switch” structures And also the concept behind the “while” and “for” looping structures We also solved simple problems using flow control and loop structures

53. 53 Next (the 9 th ) Web Dev Lecture: Arrays We will find out why we need arrays We will become able to use arrays for solving simple problems