1. Alexander Thomson UW - Madison Civil Engineerin g Certificate in Engineering for Energy Sustainability Utilization of Waste Materials in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)

2. Overview Why use alternative materials Important properties of PCC Description of PCC components Introduction of cement substitutes Analysis of affects on PCC properties Exploration of other alternatives Recommendations and summary Q & A 2

3. Why is there a need to substitute PCC with alternative materials? PCC is very energy intensive to produce Cement is most energy intensive component Recycles waste from industrial sources There is a growing demand for concrete and cement 3

4. How do you make concrete buildings “sustainable”? Reduce operating energy Increase recycling potential design for deconstruction Increase efficiency of concrete plants alternative fuels reuse waste water Use waste materials in concrete to reduce the required water and energy 4

5. Using waste materials must not negatively affect PCC’s properties Compression Permeability Porosity Freeze/Thaw Performance Density 5

6. The properties of PCC are determined by the components. Coarse Aggregates: rocks (up to 1in diameter) Fine Aggregates: sand Cement: powdery material, mainly limestoneAdmixtures: can be either fluids or solidsWater 6 ComponentMass (%) Calcium oxide, CaO61-67% Silicon oxide, SiO 2 19-23% Aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 2.5-6% Ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 3 0-6% Sulfate, SO 4 1.5-4.5%

7. 7 The properties of PCC are determined by the components.

8. Only some waste materials should be used in PCC. Cement substitutes: Fly Ash: SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, CaO Blast Furnace Slag (BFS): SiO 2, CaO, Al 2 O 3, MgO Ceramic Waste: SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, CaO 8

9. Video: Green Concrete Short video about cement substitutes: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=910scqpLHIE 9 Prof. Jannie Van Deventer: University of Melbourne

10. Video: Making “green” concrete Short video about fly ash in concrete: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmUgIiGjlOo 10 Dr. Jeffery Volz: a researcher at Missouri University of Science and Technology

11. Affects on PCC properties caused by cement alternatives. Waste Material Percent Waste Compres -sion Perme- ability PorosityFreeze/ Thaw Density Fly Ash35-50%- Early + Late + Water / Air -+/ BFS50-70%- Early / Late + Water + Air //+ Ceramic Waste 20%- Early / Late + Water - Air /// 11 + Indicates positive affect - Indicates negative affect / Indicates no significant affect

12. There are possible alternatives for other PCC components. Focus on: Major components of concrete Energy intensive components Options must be: Practical Cost effective 12

13. Example case: animal protein and waste plastic Ground plastic from used water bottles used as fine aggregates Hemoglobin from animal slaughter houses used as an admixture 13

14. Example case: animal protein and waste plastic 14

15. Example case: animal protein and waste plastic Results: Increased workability Up to 40% less water needed Decreased density by 17% Decreased compressive strength From 47 MPa to 26 MPa Increased porosity Improved thermal conductivity by 64.5% 15

16. Recommendations Use local cement substitutes Avoid shipping materials Research Combine waste materials Speed early strength gain 16

17. Using waste materials in PCC has clear advantages. Economical Environmental Practical 17

18. References Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3), 327-363. Escalante-García, J. I., Magallanes-Rivera, R. X., & Gorokhovsky, A. (2009). Waste gypsum–blast furnace slag cement in mortars with granulated slag and silica sand as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(8), 2851- 2855. Huntzinger, D. N., & Eatmon, T. D. (2009). A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(7), 668-675. Kelly, P. (2009). Precast Concrete Sustainable and Green. Building Engineer, 84(10), 20-21. Making Better Concrete with Material from America’s Coal Ash Leader. Fly Ash: The Modern Pozzolan. www.flyash.com Mamlouk & Zaniewski (2006). Materials for Civil and Constructions Engineers. 2 nd Edition. Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2010). Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(5), 832-838. Puertas, F., García-Díaz, I., Barba, A., Gazulla, M. F., Palacios, M., Gómez, M. P., et al. (2008). Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for Portland cement clinker production. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(9), 798- 805. Remadnia, A., Dheilly, R. M., Laidoudi, B., & Quéneudec, M. (2009). Use of animal proteins as foaming agent in cementitious concrete composites manufactured with recycled PET aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(10), 3118-3123. 18

19. Questions? 19