1. Guide to Network Cabling Fundamentals
Chapter 3

2. Chapter 3 - Cables and the Cabling Infrastructure
Identify the various types of cable and their characteristics
Compare cable types and characteristics
Identify and differentiate between the various network topologies
Create an effective network design
Identify which network elements you must include in your documentation

3. Cable Types and Characteristics
When selecting telecommunications system cable, the system needs must be matched with the characteristics of the cable
The three basic cable types are coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic
An alternative to cable is wireless technologies, which transmit signals through the atmosphere
The five basic cable characteristics are: throughput and bandwidth; cost; size and scalability; connectors; and noise immunity

4. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable characteristics:
Throughput is the amount of data that a cable can transmit during a given period and is measured in megabits per second, or Mbps
Throughput potential is determined by the physical nature of the cable
Bandwidth is the measure of the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that the media can transmit, it is measured in hertz (Hz)
Bandwidth is directly related to throughput, and the higher the bandwidth, the higher the throughput

5. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable characteristics (cont.):
Cost for different types of cable varies depending on available hardware, installation, transmission rate, and the obsolescence potential of the medium
Size and scalability is determined by the maximum nodes per segment, the maximum length per segment, and the maximum network length
Connectors are specific based on the type of cable used and can affect the cost of installation
Noise immunity is the cable’s ability to deter noise (EMI and RFI) that can distort data signals

6. Cable Types and Characteristics
Coaxial cable, also called coax, consists of a central copper core surrounded by an insulator, braiding, and a plastic jacket
Coax has a high resistance to interference from noise due to its insulation and protective braiding
Coax carries signals farther than twisted-pair, but is more expensive and supports a lower throughput
A key specification for coax is impedance, or its measure of resistance to alternating current flow; each unit of resistance is expressed as an ohm

8. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable types (cont.):
Twisted-pair is the most common form of cabling used on LANs today; it is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and easy to install; but it does not span as great a distance as coax
Twisted-pair can easily accommodate a variety of network topologies, and can handle faster transmission rates than coax
Twisted-pair, because of its flexibility, is more prone to physical damage than coax

9. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable types (cont.):
Twisted-pair consists of insulated copper wires, with 0.4 to 0.8 mm diameter, twisted in pairs around each other and encased in a plastic coating
The twists in a twisted-pair cable reduce the effect of crosstalk, the infringement of the signal from one wire pair on another wire pair’s signal; crosstalk is measured in decibels (dB), a measurement unit of signal strength of a sound’s intensity
The number of twists per inch determines how resistant the pair will be to noise

11. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable types (cont.):
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) consists of individually insulated twisted pairs surrounded by a metallic shielding that must be grounded
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) consists of insulated pairs of wires encased in a plastic sheath; it is less expensive and less resistant to noise than STP
Screened twisted-pair (ScTP) consists of insulated pairs of wires contained in a full foil laminate shield; it offers superior immunity to radio frequency fields and reduced crosstalk

14. Cable Types and Characteristics
Cable types (cont.):
Fiber-optic cable, also called fiber, contains one or more glass fibers in its core; around the fibers is a layer of glass, called the cladding; over the cladding is layer of plastic and a braiding of kevlar
Data is transmitted by converting electrical signals at the sending end into optical signals, which are then transmitted through the fibers by light pulses
Fiber comes in single-mode, which carries a single mode of light to transmit data; and multimode, which can carry hundreds of thousands of modes of light simultaneously

16. Comparing Cables and Their Characteristics
Cable comparisons:
ThickNet (10Base5) is called ThickWire Ethernet
ThickNet’s maximum transmission rate of 100 Mbps and transmits using baseband, a method that allows only one signal to be transmitted at a time
ThickNet is less expensive than fiber, but much more expensive than ThinNet or twisted pair
ThickNet requires a vampire tap to connect to a transceiver, and a drop cable to connect devices
ThickNet has the highest resistance to noise and allows data to travel for greater distances

18. Comparing Cables and Their Characteristics
Cable comparisons (cont.):
ThinNet (10Base2) is called thin Ethernet
ThinNet has a maximum transmission rate of 10 Mbps and transmits using baseband
ThinNet is less expensive than ThickNet or fiber, but more expensive than twisted pair
ThinNet uses BNC and BNC/T connectors to connect wires to devices
ThinNet is more resistant to noise than twisted-pair and its maximum segment length is 185 m

20. Comparing Cables and Their Characteristics
Cable comparisons (cont.):
STP and UTP can transmit data at 10 Mbps; CAT5 UTP at 100 Mbps; enhanced CAT5 and CAT6 can transmit data at 1000 Mbps
Costs of STP, ScTP, and UTP vary; STP and ScTP are usually more expensive than UTP
All twisted-pair cables use 8-pin RJ-45 connectors
STP and ScTP are more resistant to noise than UTP and the maximum segment length for STP and UTP is 100 m; for ScTP it is 98 m

22. Comparing Cables and Their Characteristics
Cable comparisons (cont.):
Fiber was used primarily as a backbone cable until recently and can transmit data at 1 Gbps
Fiber is one of the most expensive cables; network communication devices, such as NICs and hubs, can cost more than those for other networks
Fiber cabling uses many types of connectors; the industry standards are the ST and SC; and MT-RJ small form factor connectors
Fiber is immune to both EMI and RFI and the maximum segment length is 100 m

24. Comparing Cables and Their Characteristics
Cable comparisons (cont.):
Wireless networking refers to computers that communicate using standard networking protocols, but without the use of cabling to connect devices
The computers transmit data by means of wireless signals produced by infrared (requiring equipment to be in a direct line of sight) or radio waves
Wireless networks require installation of NICs with built-in antennas and uses access points as hubs
Wireless networks currently transmit data at approximately 11 Mbps

25. Network Topologies There are two types of network topologies:
Physical topology is the physical layout of the network, including cable and device configuration
Logical topology refers to the method used to communicate between the devices
It is important to understand the physical topology before designing networks, because they can affect the logical topology chosen, how the building is cabled, and what kind of media is used
Physical topologies are classified according to three geometric shapes: bus, ring and star

26. Network Topologies Physical topologies:
Bus consists of a single cable that connects all the nodes of a network without intervening connectivity devices, and requires a terminator at each end
The single cable is called the bus and supports one channel, where each node shares total capacity
Bus advantages: easy to install and add devices; requires less cable; less expensive
Bus disadvantages: requires terminators; entire network shuts down if the cable breaks; difficult to troubleshoot; limit is about 10 connections

28. Network Topologies Physical topologies (cont.):
Ring is where each node is connected to the two nearest nodes, effectively forming a circle
Data is transmitted in one direction around the ring, and is typically done so using token passing
The ring is used by Token Ring and FDDI networks
Ring advantages: no network collisions; each node functions as a repeater; less cable required
Ring disadvantages: Single malfunctioning node can disable entire network; not flexible or scalable; modifications requires network shutdown

30. Network Topologies Physical topologies (cont.):
Star is where each node is connected through a central device, such as a hub
All nodes transmit data to the hub, which then retransmits the data to the destination node
Star advantages: a break in the cable does not shut down the network; higher reliability; easier troubleshooting; no terminators required
Star disadvantages: uses more cable; hubs are more expensive than terminators; hub failures take down entire LAN segments

32. Network Topologies Physical topologies (cont.):
Mesh is where all devices share many redundant interconnections with each node; full-mesh means every node is interconnected, partial-mesh is where some nodes are connected to one or two others
Mesh advantages: if one connections fails, data can be redirected; higher level of security; easy troubleshooting; greater stability and reliability
Mesh disadvantages: uses much more cable; more expensive to install; difficult to install and configure on very large networks

34. Creating an Effective Network Design
Steps for ensuring flexible and solid network design that meets customer expectations:
Assessing functional requirements includes listing tasks to be automated and updated; determining which business applications will be used and how; identify needs such as , Internet access, etc.
Sizing the network includes establishing the number of users and their intended use; calculate user community growth and network capacity growth
Connectivity involves defining external connections; Internet requirements; assessing bandwidth

35. Creating an Effective Network Design
After prerequisites, decisions are required for the following network design issues:
Network type, including Ethernet, ATM, Token Ring
Physical network, including cabling, faceplates, and other components of the basic infrastructure
Network communications equipment, such as hubs
Network operating system, such as Windows/Novell
Workstations, considering the hardware/software
Network server hardware and data backup hardware and software

36. Network Elements You Need to Document
Network documentation needs:
The first section describes the network: topology, network architectures, operating systems, device and user counts, and contact information
The next section is used most frequently and it defines the physical layout of the network cabling; every time the network requires modification, this section will be consulted and modified
Also include in the documentation: equipment room items; the internetworking devices; device specifications, such as port usage, physical and logical addresses, model and serial numbers

37. Chapter Summary
Cabling is the basic framework of a solid network foundation. To successfully design a network cable layout, you need a thorough knowledge of cable types, their specifications, and network topologies. This information helps you assess the organization’s current needs and plan for future growth
All cabling media have five basic characteristics you must consider when selecting cable for your telecommunications systems: throughput and bandwidth, cost, size and scalability, connectors, and noise immunity

38. Chapter Summary
The three basic types of cable are coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic. Coax has a high resistance to interference, can carry signals farther than twisted-pair cable before requiring repeaters, and must be terminated with 50-ohm resistors. Twisted-pair cable is the same as the cable used to wire telephones, and is the most common LAN cabling used today. Twisted-pair is inexpensive, flexible and easy to install. It is shielded, unshielded, or screened. Fiber is a more expensive media, but has the highest throughput and bandwidth, transmits optical signals in the form of light over glass fibers

39. Chapter Summary
There are two categories of fiber: multi-mode and single-mode. Single-mode fiber transmits in a single mode of light, which allows data to travel more rapidly and for greater distances. Multimode fiber transmits up to hundreds of thousands of modes of light simultaneously, which allows more data to be transmitted at one time. However, data cannot travel as fast or as far on multimode fiber
The coaxial cables used for networks are ThickNet (10Base5) and ThinNet (10Base2). Both were used extensively in the early years of Ethernet

40. Chapter Summary
Wireless networking refers to computers that communicate using standard network rules or protocols, but without the use of cabling to connect the computers. A wireless network can be installed as the sole network in an organization, or it can extend a wired network to areas where wiring would be too difficult or expensive to implement. Wireless networks can be configured to provide the same network functionality as any wired network

41. Chapter Summary
Network topologies come in three basic geometric shapes: bus, ring, and star. A fourth type of topology, referred to as fault-tolerant mesh, is often required for high-availability networks. The bus topology is the least expensive and the most difficult to troubleshoot. The ring topology is difficult to troubleshoot for the same reasons, but it is not subject to network collisions because of its communication method. The star topology is the most commonly used, and it offers the most advantages. It is more expensive because it uses more cabling than other topologies, but it is more reliable because of its wiring. If one station goes down in a star topology, the rest of the network is not affected

42. Chapter Summary
Before you begin designing a network, you must know its relative scale and what your customer expects the network to accomplish. The prerequisites of a network design include assessing functional requirements, sizing the network, and defining connectivity needs. Once you complete the preliminary assessment, you can begin design work
Before you begin your documentation project or define your documentation policies, you must first decide what you need to document. Every network has its own documentation needs