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Comparative Anatomy Vertebrate Classification Fish Evolution

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1 Comparative Anatomy Vertebrate Classification Fish Evolution
Note Set 3 Chapter 3

2 Vertebrate Classification
Figure 4.1 Geological eras of early vertebrates Paleozoic (oldest) Mesozoic Cenozoic

3 Cambrian Period Ostracoderms- first vertebrates, shell skinned
Class Agnatha- jawless fish No paired fins Bony exoskeleton with dermal armor Ex: hagfish and lampreys Jawed fish evolved from Ostracoderms in Silurian period (a) (b) Figure 4.2: (a) ostracoderm, (b) ostracoderm, and (c) lamprey. (c)

4 Lower vs. Higher Organisms
Echinoderm-like organism (deuterostomes) gave rise to vertebrates Deuterostomes- blastopore gives rise to anus Protostomes- blastopore gives rise to mouth (a) (b) Figure 4.3- (a) protostomes and (b) deuterostomes.

5 Placoderms Class Placodermii Jawed and paired fins
Bony dermal exoskeleton; armored fish 1st jaws were large Jawed fishes gave rise to all other fishes Age of fishes- Devonian Period Figure 4.4- Armored fish Figure 4.5- mandibular (ma) and hyoid (hy) arches develop in gnathostomes into palatoquadrate (pq) and Meckel’s (Mc) cartilages

6 Fish Evolution (a) (b) Figure 4.6: (a) jawless fish, (b) early jawed fish, and (c) modern jawed fish (c)

7 Placoderms Anadromous- fish move to freshwater to breed
Catadromous- fish move from freshwater to breed Hypothesized function of bone- to provide calcium for muscle contraction Figure 4.7: Craniates through geological time.

8 Fish Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous skeleton
Bone remains in scales- placoid scales Teeth are modified scales Ex: sharks, rays, skates Figure 4.8: Shark

9 Tail Type Heterocercal- vertebral axis curves upward; two asymmetrical lobes (dorsal portion larger) More primitive, some bony fish Ex: sharks Homocercal- symmetrical dorsal and ventral lobes Most common Ex: perch Diphycercal- spear shaped Ex: lungfish, crossepterygians Figure 4.9

10 Class Osteichthyes Subclass Actinopterygii (ray-finned)
Chondrostei- most primitive; heterocercal tail Ex: sturgeon, paddlefish, Polypterus Holostei- dominant in past; heterocercal tail Ex: gar, bowfin Teleostei- dominant today; homocercal tail Majority of all fish Figure us lionfish (actinopterygian).

11 Figure 4.11 Evolutionary relationship of vertebrates with jaws (gnathostomata) to those with bony skeleton (osteichthyes)

12 Class Osteichthyes Subclass Sarcopterygii (fleshy or lobe finned)
3 genera of lungfish appeared on 3 separate continents Continental Drift Torpidity- inactivity; hibernation Aestivation- burrow through dry season Order Dipnoi Order Crossopterygii Figure 4.12: Aestivation; fish burrows into mud until rain returns.

13 Order Crossopterygii Living fossil
Species thought to be extinct until coelacanth (Latimeria) Found off coast of South Africa in 1938 Separate species discovered off Indonesia in 1999 Figure 4.13: Global locations of coelacanth discoveries.

14 Coelacanth Figure 4.14: Coelacanth in Indian Ocean.

15 Coelacanth Figure 4.15 Figure Africa’s Sunday Times.

16 Figure 4.17: Labyrinthodont
Crossopterygiians (lobe-finned fish) gave rise to Labyrinthodonts (early amphibians) in Devonian Period

17 Linking Evidence Skulls Parietal foramen Tooth structure
Crossoterygii skull shows place for third eye Third (pineal) eye visible in young tuatara reptiles Tooth structure Labyrinthodont tooth Figure 4.18: Crossopterygii skull. Figure 4.19: Grooved tooth.

18 Linking Evidence Limbs evolved Vertebrae Girdles similar
Fin’s skeletal composition exhibits homology with early amphibians Amphibian diversity during Carboniferous period Toward reptiles, Anura, Caudata, and Apoda Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21

19 Amphibian Characteristics
1st to possess cervical vertebrae Lost scales Primitive frogs have dermal scales Anamniotic eggs 3 chambered heart Metamorphosis 10 pairs of cranial nerves 2 occipital condyles

20 Apoda Caecilians Long and slim; segmented rings
Dermal bones (scales) embedded in annuli Figure 4.22

21 Literature Cited Figure Figure 4.2(a)- Figure 4.2(b)- Figure 4.2(c)- Figure 4.3- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure Figure Figure Figure 4.7- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Gorr, Thomas and Traute Kleinschmidt. Evolutionary Relationships of the Coelacanth. American Scientist. Vol. 81, No. 1: Sigma Xi, 1993. Figure 4.13 &115- Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure


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