1. Unit 8 – Westward Expansion & Indian Removal

2. Georgia Performance Standards
SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected the development of Georgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840.
a. Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches.
b. Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud.
c. Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth.
d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

3. Georgia Performance Standards
SS8G1 The student will describe Georgia with regard to physical features and location.
c. Locate and evaluate the importance of key physical features on the development of Georgia; include the Fall Line, Okefenokee Swamp, Appalachian Mountains, Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers, and barrier islands.

4. Georgia Performance Standards
SS8G2 The student will explain how the Interstate Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, Georgia’s deepwater ports, and the railroads help drive the state’s economy.
a. Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide domestic and international goods to the people of Georgia.
b. Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide producers and service providers in Georgia with national and international markets.
c. Explain how the four transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians.

5. Georgia Performance Standards
SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods.
SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade.
a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods.
b. Explain how the four transportation systems from SS8G2 contribute to Georgia’s role in trade.

6. Essential Question
How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches?

7. University of Georgia
Establishment of University of Georgia

8. Establishment of University of Georgia
Established on January 27, 1785
US government provided money to purchase land for the public university. (This is a charter)
UGA is the oldest public university in the USA.
Abraham Baldwin drafted the charter for UGA
Baldwin was president of the university from
This was an attempt to educate Georgians to help the economy and improve skills in the state.

9. Establishment of University of Georgia
Finally opened its doors to students in September,
Many important Georgia political and business leaders graduated from UGA during this time period.
Students were only white males.
Women were not permitted to attend until 1918
After the Civil War the University was designated as a “land grant institution” under the Morill Act of and expanded its size and academic reputation dramatically over the next 130 years.

11. Louisville
Augusta was the 2nd capital after Savannah but it was too far east so a new town was created to be the capital. That was Louisville, named after King Louis XVI of France due to their help in the Revolutionary War.
Pronounced “Lewisville”
Area was located in the central Georgia based on the population
Became the third capital of GA
The state’s legislators hoped that the town would also serve as a trading center due to its location on the Ogeechee River.
Once it was established, Louisville developed both socially and financially.

12. Louisville
However, Louisville’s time as capital ended in due several factors including the malaria outbreaks the occurred in the city every year, the difficulty of using the Ogeechee River as a trade route, and most importantly, the continual Northwestern movement of Georgia’s population.
One famous event in the city was when state legislators publically set fire to the Yazoo Land Act with a gigantic magnifying glass.
 Note: An easy way to remember the name of all of Georgia’s capital cities is to learn the acronym S.A.L.M.A. which stands for Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta.

14. GA has had 5 capitals Savannah Augusta Louisville Milledgeville
Atlanta
Capital was determined by where the center of the state’s population was.

16. Spread of Baptist and Methodist churches
Though the founder of the Methodist church, John Wesley, preached in colonial Georgia, Georgians did not begin identifying themselves with the denomination until the Second Great Awakening ( ).
It was during this time that Methodists & Baptist churches grew in large numbers, especially in the South.
People attended large camp meetings called “revivals.”
By the 1830’s these denominations became the largest in Georgia.
Both churches gained popularity amongst working class Georgians in the frontier and small towns of the state.
In addition, due to these denominations’ mission work on plantations, many slaves converted to either the Baptist or Methodist churches.

17. Spread of Baptist & Methodist churches
Baptist & Methodist churches spread in three ways
tent revivals - large camp meetings
circuit riders - ministers who would ride from small town to small town and preach
camp meetings -all day affairs where farmers & other townspeople could listen to the sermon but also get together and socialize with their friends and family after weeks of laboring on their farms

18. This is why the south has become known as the “bible belt.”

20. Essential Question
What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

21. Land Lottery Land Lottery
From , Georgia had eight land lotteries.
These lotteries gave the average Georgian the opportunity to gain a large amount of land for pennies on the dollar. It was for white males, widows, and orphans.
How it worked:
Purchased tickets
When name pulled, you could win land
white males could get largest pieces of land
Participants could have their name placed in the drum more than once based on characteristics such as their age, marital status, and war service.
Led to Trail of Tears due to the fact that the land was west of the Oconee River.

22. LAND LOTTERY

24. Headright System
Was established to attract settlers for economic development. GA gov’t provided land east of the Oconee River.
Received land if you were the male head of household and if you had slaves, you received more land
Most of the land was given to Revolutionary War vets. This is how Elijah Clarke & Austin Dabney received land.
system ended when there were too many claimants and not enough land to offer.
Led to Trail of Tears

25. THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES
THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS

26. Which way was fairer? Land lottery Plots were surveyed
Divided by how valuable they were
More people had an opportunity to own land

27. Yazoo Land Fraud
named after a river in the present state of Mississippi
act sold much of the land that would become Alabama and Mississippi to four land companies for $500,000
These companies bribed the governor of GA
They purchased the land for 1.5 cents per acre & sold the land at much higher prices for profit

28. Yazoo Land Fraud
The companies would share the profits with GA legislatures
Soon after Georgia governor, George Mathews, signed the Yazoo Act into law, it was discovered that the land companies bribed members of the Georgia General Assembly to sell the land.
Almost immediately, Georgians protested the sale.

29. Yazoo Land Fraud
the legislators chose to continue with the arrangement.
one of GA’s U.S. senators, James Jackson, was so outraged he resigned from his seat and returned to the state.
Once back he and his political allies took control of the Georgia General Assembly and nullified the Yazoo Act.

30. Yazoo Land Fraud
U.S. government forced GA to cede the land west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for 1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove the Creek and Cherokee Indians from the area.
The controversy surrounding the Yazoo Act is known as the Yazoo Land Fraud.
GA’s new western border became the Chattahoochee River.

31. Results of Yazoo Land Fraud
State of GA lost land
US agreed to give up Indian land claims in GA
Creek Indians would be removed from GA (led to Trail of Tears)

33. BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796

34. How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?
Essential Question
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

35. Cotton Gin Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton, a northerner who moved to Georgia in 1793.
This made cotton easier to produced and much more profitable
An unintended consequence was that white settlers needed more land and this caused Indians to be removed from their home.
During this time period, tobacco, which at the time was one of Georgia’s most important crops, was destroying the soil.

36. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE COTTON GIN

37. Cotton Gin
As an alternative to tobacco the state was looking for ways to make growing cotton profitable.
Allowed for economic growth: plantation owners could process cotton quicker
Allowed for population growth: plantation owners imported more slaves to process cotton

43. How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?

44. Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.

45. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE RAILROAD
Railroads: An Economic Boom

46. Railroads
Many of Georgia’s cities and towns were created due to the railroad, including the city of Atlanta.
The first Georgia railroad was chartered in to have a better way to transport cotton due to poor road conditions
Cities and towns grew as a result of railroads
Products distributed throughout GA using the railroad system

47. The city of Atlanta was created as a railroad hub for the Western and Atlantic Railroad. This track ran from Chattanooga, Tennessee to a small hub called “Terminus,” which means “end of the line.” Later, two other railroad lines combined with this point, causing the city to grow even more.
Terminus changed its name in 1843, to Marthasville, after the former governor Wilson Lumpkin’s daughter.
Its name was changed again in 1845 to Atlanta, which many claim was simply a feminization of the name Atlantic. Due to the invention of the railroad, Atlanta became the first major American city to be built on a location without a navigable river.

48. New Job because of Railroad
Engineer

52. UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870

53. WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?
COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP ON THE RIGHT.
WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?