1. Reef Architecture and Zones

2. Reef Architecture -Structure of a ‘Typical’ Caribbean Reef (Goreau)

3. Reef Zones - Inshore Zone This is the area where the water and land meet -we’ll discuss this later

4. Reef Zones - Lagoon

5. In Bonaire - Lac lagoon

6. Reef Zones - Lagoon In Bonaire - Lac lagoon

7. Reef Zones - Lagoon -area of sediment deposition behind the reef crest - characterized by fine unstable sediment, patch reefs and Thalassia

8. Reef Zones - Lagoon -area of sediment deposition behind the reef crest - characterized by fine unstable sediment, patch reefs and Thalassia

9. Reef Zones - Lagoon -area of sediment deposition behind the reef crest - characterized by fine unstable sediment, patch reefs and Thalassia

10. Reef Zones - Lagoon - common animals -Holothuria mexicana -Pencil urchin

11. Reef Zones - Lagoon - common animals -Holothuria mexicana -Pencil urchin -Eucidaris

12. Reef Zones - Lagoon - common plants -Thalassia testudinales -Acetabularia

13. Reef Zones - Lagoon - common plants -Thalassia testudinum -Acetabularia

14. Reef Zones - Lagoon - common plants -Thalassia testudinum -Acetabularia -Shaving brush - Penicillus

15. Reef Zones - Backreef

17. Near reef crest In backreef Diploria Porites Acropora Millepora

18. Reef Zones - Backreef Dissipation of Wave Energy wave direction 100% 3%

19. Reef Zones - Reef Crest

20. Maximum wave energy

21. Reef Zones - Reef Crest Dominant Species Acropora cervicornis Millepora complanata

22. Reef Zones - Forereef

23. Spur and groove (Buttress) Zone

24. Reef Zones - Forereef Spur and groove (Buttress) Zone

25. Reef Zones - Forereef Spur and groove (Buttress) Zone Sediment transport

26. Reef Zones - Forereef Spur and groove (Buttress) Zone Sediment transport

27. Reef Zones - Forereef

29. Reef Zones - Forereef Slope and Deep Forereef 35 m

30. Reef Zones - Forereef Slope and Deep Forereef

31. Reef Zones - Reef Wall Reef Wall

32. Reef Zones - Reef Wall

33. lagoon backreefreefcrest forereef forereef slope deep forereef and wall

34. lagoon backreef reefcrest forereef forereef slope deep forereef and wall

35. Bonaire reefcrest forereef forereef slope deep forereef

36. Compare all this to the structure of a Pacific Atoll

37. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones

38. 1. Head Corals

39. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 1. Head Corals -Depths of 5-10 m Montastrea annularis, Montastrea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Colpophyllia natans and species of Diploria. These corals are massive and usually boulder-like and resistant to storm disturbance

40. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 2. Acropora palmata Zone

41. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 2. Acropora palmata Zone -high to moderate energy reefs -weaker than head corals but orients branches to minimize shear forces -faster grower -needs waves to wash sediment off

42. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 3. Mixed Zone

43. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 3. Mixed Zone

44. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 3. Mixed Zone -area on the forereef of most diverse coral growth -lower wave energy but still good light

45. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 4. Sand Areas

46. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 4. Sand Areas

47. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 5. Plate Zone

48. Coral Reef Zones - Coral Zones 5. Plate Zone -favours growth of plate-like forms of a species or plate-like species to capture most light -corals are more fragile

49. Typical vs Bonaire reef profile