1. December 11, 20031 From Earth’s Birth to Crystals: Contextualizing Sunset Crater and other Volcanic Events and Products Prepared By Richard W. Stoffle Rebecca S. Toupal

2. December 11, 20032 Purpose of These Observations §To provide an epistemologically integrated cultural interpretation of volcanic events and their products. §To assess whether or not such observations are generally shared by the American Indian ethnic groups connected with Sunset Crater. §To provide a foundation for adding to the interpretation of Sunset Crater, Wupatki, and Walnut Canyon National Monuments

3. December 11, 20033 Range of Observations §Volcanos l Active Sunset Crater – corn rocks Mt. Trumbull – sherd rocks l Past El Mal Pais – New Mexico Shiprock Plug - Arizona §Volcanic Presence in Canyons l Grand Canyon – Colorado River, AZ l Black Canyon – Colorado River, AZ-NV l Black Butte – Pahranagat River, NV §Volcanic Deposits l Buckboard Mesa – Nevada Test Site l Shoshone Mountain – Nevada Test Site §Volcanic Minerals and Springs l Obsidian l Crystals l Hot Springs

4. December 11, 20034 Volcanos as Earth Birth Events §At two locations in northern Arizona Indian people were present when magma oozed from the earth. §At each of these places Indian people interacted with the moving or splashing magma. By shielding themselves with a wall of lava (fumerell) they placed corn or pots on the lip and formed lava rocks and corn rocks. §These rock were subsequently placed in nearby structures. §It is assumed that all of these are ceremonial activities relating to the birth of the earth and the power (puha) one can derive from participating in such an event. §It is assumed that the power of the event is captured in the lava boulder and a special connection derives from having either the corn or pots become a part of the boulder.

5. December 11, 20035 Trumbull Sunset Map of Region

6. December 11, 20036 Grand Canyon Parashant National Monument Map

7. December 11, 20037 Mt Trumbull

8. December 11, 20038 Mt. Trumbull

9. December 11, 20039 Cultural Officer Doing A Site Assessment Form

10. December 11, 200310 The Spring

11. December 11, 200311 Mt. Trumbull

12. December 11, 200312 Early Archaeology Survey Results Source: Desert Archaeology- Elson (PI) and Samples; NAU Ort and Duffield §Possibly mid 900s for an eruption date §150 masonry structures on top §10 trail heads §Sherd Rocks and maybe corn rocks

13. December 11, 200313 Sherd Rocks

14. December 11, 200314 The Trail to Napaweap

15. December 11, 200315 Ocean Woman’s Net

16. December 11, 200316 Path to Grand Canyon

17. December 11, 200317 Grand Canyon at Toroweap Overlook

18. December 11, 200318 Sunset Crater

19. December 11, 200319 Hopi Stories

20. December 11, 200320 New Analysis of Corn Rocks

21. December 11, 200321 Sunset Fumerell

22. December 11, 200322 Structures and Rocks – Wupatki

23. December 11, 200323 Walnut Canyon

24. December 11, 200324 Walnut Canyon

25. December 11, 200325 Volcanos, Canyons, Rivers §Lava Falls, Grand Canyon,Colorado River §Black Butte, Pahranagat River §Black Canyon, Colorado River

26. December 11, 200326 Black Canyon

27. December 11, 200327 Hot Springs, Song Caves, Paint Sources, Vision Questing

28. December 11, 200328 Cultural Landscape

29. December 11, 200329 Volcanic Deposits §Buckboard Mesa and Shrugham Peak, NTS §Vision Seeking on Apache Tears and Obsidian Bombs, Shoshone Mountain, NTS

30. December 11, 200330 Buckboard Mesa, NTS Scrugham Peak and Buckboard Mesa from Shoshone Mountain.

31. December 11, 200331 Shoshone Mountain

32. December 11, 200332 Shoshone Mt., Vison Questing

33. December 11, 200333 Volcanic Minerals and Springs §Tecopa Hot Spring – on the path to the Paiute and Hualapai afterlife §Coso Hot Springs – §Obsidian §Crystals §Sweat Lodge Rocks

34. December 11, 200334 Hot Springs

35. December 11, 200335 Apache Tears

36. December 11, 200336 Crystals

37. December 11, 200337 Volcanos As Components of Cultural Landscapes §What is a cultural landscape? §Nested cultural landscapes? §Layered cultural landscapes?

38. December 11, 200338 Sunset-Centered Cultural Landscape