1. Inside Reading 2: Fat for Brains

2. Words to know goes (v.) = maintains; states; says
obviously (adv.) = clearly; distinctly
affect (v.) = influence; impact
performance (n.) = activity
handles (v.) = deals with; manages
stable (adj.) = unchanged
concentrate (v.) = focus
reaction (n.) = response
defuse (v.) = remove; calm; make harmless
aging (n.) = becoming old

3. Words to know (2) associate (v.) = link; connect
encouraged (v.) = promoted; facilitated
drain (v.) = remove
psychological (adj.) = mental
benefits (n.) = advantages; uses
paradigm (n.) = model; pattern; example
gaining (v.) = obtaining; acquiring
conceiving (v.) = thinking
recognize (v.) = admit; acknowledge
discrete (adj.) = separate; distinct

4. Words to know (3) compound (n.) = combination; mixture
smart (adj. = wise; clever
commit (v.) = perform; take
classified (v.) = divided; classed; grouped
varying (adj.) = different
proportions (n.) = quantities; amounts
solid (adj.) = hard; not liquid
allocate (v.) = give; allot
intake (n.) = a quantity taken in
moderate (adj.) = average; not too high and too low

5. Words to know (4) poses (v.) = causes; leads to
consume (v.) = eat; take
beyond ((prep.) = more than
promote (v.) = encourage; raise; increase; cause
depressed (adj.) = sad; gloomy
impair (v.) = weaken; diminish
mental (adj.) = psychological; relating to the mind
make up (v.) = form; constitute
bulk (n.) = large amount; great quantity
beware (v.) = be careful; be cautious

6. Words to know (5) approach (n.) = way; means; method
overall (adj./adv.) = on the whole; in total
critical (adj.) = important; crucial
metabolism (n.) = a chemical process of breaking down the food in a living body
sharp (adj.) = vigorous; quick; alert
crucial (adj.) = important; essential; necessary
supplies (n.) = food content
ample (adj.) = enough; sufficient
rich (adj.) = plentiful; abundant

7. Words to know (6) identical (adj.) = same
allergic (adj.) = sensitive to certain things
intolerant (adj.) = disapproving; disliking
evidence (n.) = support; proof
intellectual (adj.) = deep in thought; powerful thought
mental advantage
premature (adj.) = happening before growing up
significantly (adv.) = importantly
compiled (v.) = gathered; collected
initial (adj.) = beginning

8. Words to know (7) concluded (v.) = summarized
exclusively (adj.) = not inclusively; leaving out
component (n.) = part
journals (n.) = periodicals
routinely (adv.) = regularly
confirm (v.) = prove
demonstrated (v.) = showed
reduced (v.) = decreased
stroke (n.) = a sudden rupture or burst of a blood
vessel in the brain

9. Words to know (8) pessimistic (adj.) = thinking of bad things
impulsive (adj.) = doing things without thinking
prospects (n.) = hopes; expectations
therapists (n.) = doctors; physicians
determined (v.) = intended
coordinate (v.) = combine; integrate
drugs (n.) = medicines

10. Exercises

11. Reading Comprehension
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T
5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T
Reading Strategy
Suggested answer:
A balance of fats, brain cells, IQ and depression, omega-3s, saturated and unsaturated fats

12. Step I Vocabulary Activities: Word Level
A caused 2. complete
3. convert 4. finally
5. sponsor 6. sections
7. wrote

13. Word Meaning influence (v.) = have an effect on; affect
affect (v.) = influence; cause something to change
impact (v.) = affect
determine (v.) = prove; show
deficit (n.) = lack
concentration (n.) = attention
impulsive (adj.) = spontaneous; involuntary
triggered (v.) = caused

14. Word Meaning (2) encourage (v.) = support; alert; foster
promote (v.) = encourage
facilitate (v.) = encourage; ease
eliminating (v.) = removing; excluding
provoking (v.) = annoying
presumably (adv.) = probably; likely
healthier (adj.) = better

15. Word Meaning (3) divide (v.) = separate distribute (v.) = divide
allocate (v.) = divide
eliminate (v.) = remove; exclude
additives (n.) = substances added to food
ban (v.) = prohibit; not allow

16. Word Meaning (4) overall (adv.) = in total; all over
in total (adv.) = overall
as a whole = overall; in total

17. Word Meaning (5) team (n.) = group squad (n.) = group
group (n.) = team; squad
monitor (v.) = check

18. Word Meaning (6) intervals (n.) = periods; times periods (n.) = times
suspected (v.) = distrusted; doubted

19. Word Meaning (7) compiled (v.) = gathered; collected
gathered (v.) = compiled
put together (v.) = compiled
noted (v.) = saw; noticed; observed
increases (n.) = rises; additions

20. Step II Vocabulary: Sentence LevelD.
1. I made a financial commitment to the Diabetes Research Foundation. (i)
2. I can’t meet at that time because I’ve a commitment. (e)
3. She is totally committed to her daughter. (d)
4. He suffered from depression for many years and finally committed suicide. (b)
5. His leaving early shows a lack of commitment to the team. (j)

21. Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level (2)
6. The government has honored a commitment to allocate more money to the school lunch
program. (g)
7. He went to prison for committing crimes. (a)
8. She thinks she can come tomorrow, but she won’t commit herself until she talks to her sister. (c)
9. They would love to take a vacation, but they have commitments that need their attention. (f)
10. He’s not really sick. He’s just trying to get out of a commitment. (h)

22. Conclusion: meaning of ‘commit & commitment’
make a financial commitment to
= promise to give money to
have a commitment
= promise to do something
be totally committed to someone / something
= be all thought about
commit suicide / homicide
= kill oneself
a lack of commitment
= not care about

23. Conclusion: meaning of ‘commit & commitment’ (2)
honor a commitment
= fulfill a promise
commit a crime
= carry out an illegal act
not commit yourself
= not promise yourself
have commitments
= have responsibilities
get out of a commitment
= rid yourself of a promise

24. Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level
1. Chemical compounds called antioxidants may become more important in your diet as you get older. A number of studies have suggested that they maintain memory and mentally sharp in older adults.
2. Antioxidants in the body react with free radicals and limit the reaction they can do.
3. Overall free radicals cause damage to tissues in the body. Their general effect on the body partly promote the slow decline we call “aging”.

25. Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level (2)
4. One of the most disturbing aspects of aging is that it affects the brain.
5. Some people seem to have improved their prospects of staying sharp in old age by eating foods that contain adequate amounts of antioxidants.
6. Several studies of older patients taking antioxidant pills, however, showed unaffected differences between these patients and older persons who took no supplements.

26. Conclusion of word meaning in ex. E
mentally = cognitively
react = trap damaging
reaction = limit the damage
overall = (nearly) every part
promote = be responsible for
affect = happen to
prospects = chances
unaffected = no significant