2. Too Beautiful Not to be True: The Hidden Logic of Quantum Mechanics Avshalom C. Elitzur Copyleft Permission is granted to everyone to copy and/or use this work or any part of it.

3. Abandon hope all ye who enter here Dante

4. © Jie Qi Schrödinger Determinism Locality Objectivity

5. trough crest trough crest trough crest trough crest “in phase” “out of phase” constructive interference destructive interference

6. The Double-Slit Experiment (Courtesy of Tel-Aviv Municipality) Constructive interference Destructive Constructive

7. Proof: Light=Waves Interference of water waves Interference of light waves

8. The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer: Photon is emitted and split into two Reflected back (notice phase shift upon reflection!) One half split again Second half split again (at the same time) Destructive Interference on detector D Constructive Interference on detector C All light reaches detector C. D C solid mirrors half-silvered mirrors light source detectors

9. 0%100% Interference 50% Confused? Don’t worry:It will soon get much worse. Interference occurs with single 1.Photons 2.Electrons 3.Neutrons 4.Atoms 5.Molecules 6.… Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty? 1 10 0

10. 0%100% Interference 50% Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty?

11. 50% Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty?

12. 50% Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty?

13. 0%100% Interference Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty?

14. 0%100% Interference Meet the Uncertainty Principle: position unknown ? ? momentum conserved Heisenberg

15. 0%100% Interference position known momentum conserved momentum lost Meet the Uncertainty Principle: Heisenberg

16. Potestas Est* Nam et Ipsa Ignorantia Scientia Can we outsmart the “which path” uncertainty? No, but *Knowledge Ignorance begets power

17. Interaction-Free Measurement: The Elitzur-Vaidman (1993) Bomb-Testing Experiment 1.Photon emitted 2.Split 3.No Boom 4.Remaining wave splits 5.“Forbidden” detector D clicks DC

19. A New Monster is Born What was I thinking… © Ted Dawson

20. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment Classical analogue: Two coins ? ?

21. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment Quantum version: Two particles

22. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment Quantum version: Two particles Or

23. 1. Is your spin “up” in the α direction? 2. Is your spin “up” in the β direction? 3. Is your spin “up” in the γ direction? 50% “Yes”, 50% “No” Bell’s Test for Particle Telepathy: 3 Possible Questions, 2 Possible Answers 50% “Yes”, 50% “No” Overall: 100% correlations for same-question pairs but 50% correlations for different-question pairs! pre-established agreement would give higher correlations! “Telepathy” between particles proved

24. A quantum dynasty Bohm Aharonov Vaidman ElitzurDolev

25. 3. Is your spin “up” in the γ direction? The Elitzur-Dolev Quantum Liar Paradox: Replacing Bell’s Third Question 50% “No” Bell’s Test for Particle Telepathy: 3 Possible Questions, 2 Possible Answers 3. Are you entangled with the other particle? 50% “Yes”, 1. Is your spin “up” in the α direction? 2. Is your spin “up” in the β direction? 50% “Yes”, 50% “No”

26. The Quantum Liar Paradox Two excited atoms A1 and A2 reside in cavities facing a beam-splitter One detector clicks, source of the photon uncertain Thereby entangling the two atoms An orthogonal measurement to excited/ground is introduced EPR Bell-inequality violated The liar paradox all over again

27. The Quantum Liar Paradox –One atom is found to be excited, which seems to indicate that it emitted no photon. –Hence, it could not interact with the other atom and should not be entangled with it. –But, by violating Bell’s inequality, its “having preserved its photon” is due to entanglement with the other atom!

28. THIS SENTENCE HAS NEVER BEEN WRITTEN :-) Which is equivalent to saying

29. Lavrentiy Beria Большая Советская Энциклопедия

30. History, The Soviet Encyclopedia’s Version When the “hero of the people” former KGB head is shot as a traitor, you take back old volumes of the encyclopedia, take out the pages of the entry “Beria” and replace them with “Bering.” Could Nature be similarly reiterating a process’s evolution at the quantum level? Our Relativistic Quantum Model

31. References Dolev, S., & Elitzur, A.C. (2001) Non-sequential behavior of the wave- function. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0102/0102109v1.pdf http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0102/0102109v1.pdf Elitzur, A.C., & Dolev, S (2006) Multiple interaction-free measurement as a challenge to the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. In Sheehan, D. [Ed.] Frontiers of Time: Retrocausation – Experiment and Theory. AIP Conference Proceedings, 863, 27-44. Elitzur, A.C., & Dolev, S (2007) The inexhaustible source of insights revealed by every photon. Proceedings of SPIE Volume 6664: The Nature of Light: What Are Photons?, C. Roychoudhuri, A.F. Kracklauer, & K. Creath, Eds, 666402-666413. http://a-c-elitzur.co.il/uploads/articlesdocs/photon5(2).pdf http://a-c-elitzur.co.il/uploads/articlesdocs/photon5(2).pdf

32. ( Herman Minkowski, 1909) What a pity to die at the dawn of relativity!