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Emotion Regulation and Self Control

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1 Emotion Regulation and Self Control
NIH 2011 Annual Science of Behavioral Change Meeting Emotion Regulation and Self Control BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology and Neuroscience Graduate Program Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY Thank you. Lovely FOWRD THINKING SIGNIFICANT AREA. SHARE SIMPLICITY of TERMS And DATA TO convey key themes It is lovely to be here and part of a session with exceptional colleagues and friends as part of this Science on Beh Change meeting.. Today I’d like to provide a some context for the presentations from our own work on Emotion regulation and self control providing examples of the importance of considering development, ind differences and contexts- both social and psych , when developing and evaluating approach toward behavioral change

2 Sackler Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College
Current or Past Fellows Dima Amso & Kevin Bath (Brown) Matt Davidson (U Mass) Stephanie Duhoux Sarah Durston * (Utrecht) Inge Marie Eigsti (U Conn) Helena Frielingsdorf Adriana Galvan* (UCLA) Barbara Ganzel (at Cornell) Todd Hare * (Zurich) Rebecca Jones Vicki Libby Conor Liston Sumit Niogi Matt Malter Cohen Nick Franklin Fatima Soliman Siobhan Pattwell Alisa Powers Sarah Getz (at Princeton) Alex Millner (at Harvard) Erika Ruberry Theresa Teslovich Leah Somerville* Liat Levita (at York) Katie Thomas (at U Minn) Nim Tottenham * (now at UCLA) Faculty Doug Ballon Gary Glover Ian Gotlib Walter Mischel Yuichi Shoda Henning Voss Special thanks to THE FAMILIES. FUNDING SOURCES: P50 MH62196, R01 MH63255, R21 DA15882, R01 DA018879, NSF , R01 HD069178, the Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. family Dewitt-Wallace Fund, WCMC Department of Psychiatry and CBIC Imaging Core.

3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
allows us to visualize and measure deep, primitive brain regions involved in desire and emotion. MR allows us to measure deep, primitive structure in the brain involved in desire, flight and flight . These aspects of brain function are relevant to neuroscience having a huge impact on beh behavioral with passion and heightened emotional context .. Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute

4 Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety)
, measured here by the intensity of the emotional learning center of the amygdala to cues that can signal fear. This response is in contrast to low emotional responses as you’ll see in blue that can be linked to emotional callousness. SOURCE: Hare et al 2008 Sackler Institute

5 And during brain development from childhood to adulthood
Showing slow development of the brain from 5 to 20 years, areas in blue are at adult peak levels cortical thickness, note that the prefrontal areas - are importnat in self regulation, does not mature until the early 20s. It is actually in the development of the brain where we may be get the most traction in terms of neuroscience and law, and the area in which I’ll be providing more concretely examples. The significance of understanding the developing brain is underscored by the inflection in criminal behavior during adolescence SOURCE: Gogtay et al 2004 PNAS, NIMH

6 and in Social and Psychological Contexts
SOURCE: National Geographic: A Beautiful Brain based on Casey et al Neuron 2010

7 Key Areas 1) Development. Age-specific changes in regional brain development can impact behavioral choices. 2) Contexts. Emotionally charged contexts may lead to emotional brain regions “hijacking” prefrontal control circuitry leading to poor behavioral choices. 3) Individuals. Variation across individuals (impulsivity, sensation seeking, emotional reactivity) impacts choice behavior. I’m going to focus on impulsivity and sensation taking as opposed to emotional regulation , but there are many parallels..

8 Development

9 MRI Data shows Cortical Development across Childhood
SOURCE: Gogtay et al 2004 PNAS

10 Dramatic developmental changes in prefrontal and subcortical regions during adolescence
Focus has typically been on prefrontal cortex (PFC) These are stuctural chnages, what about functional chnages with development Subcortical limbic regions involved in desire, fight, flight SOURCE: Sowell et al 1999 Nature Neuroscience

11 Neurobiological (Imbalance) Model of Adolescence
Emphasizes deep structure development as well as cortical. SOURCE: Casey et al., 2008 Dev Reviews; Somerville & Casey, 2010 Brain & Cogn.

12 How does Regional Brain Development map onto Behavioral Development
Hallmark of behavioral development is a gain in ability to suppress an inappropriate action in favor of an appropriate one (impulse control). Individual Differences Influence of Context EMPHASIZE Impulse control vs sensation seeking or risk taking

13 Development of impulse control

14 Development of impulse control (Commission Errors- Go when should Not)
SOURCE: Somerville et al JoCN

15 Prefrontal Activity shows Linear pattern
of development that is correlated with measures of impulse control But no inflection to map onto inflection on criminal behavior SOURCE: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

16 Incentives (e.g., money, food, peers) can
alter behavior without conscious awareness SOURCE: Galvan et al 2005 J Neuroscience

17 Teens make more commission errors to rewarding cues than neutral ones
Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

18 to monetary rewards relative to children and adults
Adolescent show enhanced ventral striatum activity to monetary rewards relative to children and adults 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 * * Children Adolescents Peak % MR Signal Change Adults Replication across multiple labs and studies. Ventral Striatum Orbital Frontal Cortex 200 400 600 800 1000 Volume of Activity * * * (mm3) No of Interpolated Voxels SOURCE: Galvan et al 2006 J Neuroscience Nucleus Accumbens Orbital Frontal Cortex

19 Teens show enhanced activity in ventral striatum
to positive social cues (e.g., happy faces) Replication across multiple labs iinternationally and multiple studies. Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

20 Emotional Bias on Choice Behavior
Source: Hare et al Bio Psychiatry

21 Inverse association of subcortical limbic and ventromedial prefrontal activity with behavior bias
Hare et al 2008 Bio Psychiatry

22 Inflection in amygdala activity in adolescents to cues that signal threat
Source: Hare et al Bio Psychiatry

23 Hare et al. 2008 Bio Psychiatry
Amygdala Activity to Repeated Exposures of Fear related cues( i.e., empty threat) Early Trials Late Trials Hare et al Bio Psychiatry

24 Habituation of Amygdala Response
is associated with Trait Anxiety (i.e., decrease in activity from early to late trials)

25 Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety)
, measured here by the intensity of the emotional learning center of the amygdala to cues that can signal fear. This response is in contrast to low emotional responses as you’ll see in blue that can be linked to emotional callousness. SOURCE: Hare et al 2008 Sackler Institute

26 Social Context

27 SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010

28 More risky decisions and crashes in adolescents when with peer than alone
SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010

29 Greater Peer Influence in Adolescents in Ventral Striatum
SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010

30 Psychological Context

31 Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function
MENTION LIZ relevance Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS

32 Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function
MENTION LIZ relevance - Attention and FRAMING to shift out of rumination and focus Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS

33 Individual Differences
BMI and Substance abuse KEVIN JULIE Alison

34 Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 years later
BMI and substance abuse , BUT also shown to be impacted by reframing and cooling the hot nature of the goods. Imagine as picture as opposed to real…

35 Low Delayers have difficulty suppressing responses to “hot”, but not “cold” cues
Source: Casey et al 2011 under review

36 The Prefrontal Cortex is involved in Impulse Control
PFC is more active when successfully inhibiting an action SOURCE: Casey et al under review

37 The Ventral Striatum is sensitive to social positive cues and its activity is enhanced in Low Delayers Right Ventral Striatum Ventral striatum is more active to appetitive nontargets (nogos) than nonappetitive nontargets. BMI and substance abuse , BUT also shown to be impacted by reframing and cooling the hot nature of the goods. Imagine as picture as opposed to real… Source: Casey et al 2011 under review

38 Imbalance between primitive brain regions involved
in desire and rational prefrontal circuitry involved in emotional and self regulation BMI and substance abuse , BUT also shown to be impacted by reframing and cooling the hot nature of the goods. Imagine as picture as opposed to real… HIJACKING - .. Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute

39 Conclusions The behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for: -significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities. -potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts. All 3 require careful consideration when considering approach for behavioral change!

40 Conclusions The behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for: -significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities. -potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts. All 3 can lead to imbalances between control and emotional systems, yielding suboptimal choice behavior. and require careful consideration when considering approach for behavioral change! All 3 require careful consideration when considering approach for behavioral change!

41 Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology
Weill Medical College of Cornell University Photograph by Michael Weinstein


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