1. GNSS ionosphere research activities at FCT/UNESP João Francisgo Galera Monico, Paulo De Oliveira Camargo FCT/UNESP - Presidente Prudente, SP.

2. Outline Introduction Developments on GNSS/Ionosphere –Brazilian Ionospheric Model Mod_ION Mod_ION_FK/IG Rinex_HO GNSS demands in Brazil CIGALA & CALIBRA Projects Final Comments

3. Ionosphere and GNSS Ionospheric effects (delay and frequency dispersion & phase scintillation and amplitude fading) are one of the main barriers to achieve high accuracy GNSS positioning and navigation. It affects the quality of positioning and navigation: PPP, relative carrier phase based positioning, DGNSS, GBAS and SBAS, mainly for users of one frequency receiver. Measurements made on two different frequencies allow the correction of the first order ionospheric delay by means of the widely used ionospheric-free linear combination ( 2 nd order still has to be corrected ).

4. Ionosphere and GNSS Effects as ionospheric scintillations, may cause problems such as: –signal power fading, –phase cycle slips, –receiver loss of lock, etc., Such effects degrade the position quality provided by the satellite navigation systems (GNSS). This problem is still to be solved !

5. Developments on GNSS/Ionosphere at FCT/UNESP

6. A Ion-model based on GNSS data has been under development since 1997; –Mod_Ion (in-house iono model) initially generated coefficients for L1 users (Camargo et al., 2000) Mod_Ion expanded to generate Ionex files and Ionospheric maps from Brazilian GNSS data Real time: Mod_Ion_FK to generate the biases and a IG with respective GIVE are provided (Aguiar 2010).

7. MOD_Ion - Fundamental (GPS & GLONASS)

8. Mod_Ion with inequality equation Problem: at some situations, even with calibrated equipments, negative values of TEC may be obtained. One solution: to apply inequality equation as follows:

10. GNSS Ionospheric Products TEC Maps

11. BNC ALDAR Kalman Filter Ionosphere Model: Polynomial Function Coeficients: ds s and dr r Ionosphere Monitoring ds s, dr r VTEC, ROT, IPP Real time ionosphere maps GMT IG & GIVE Mod_ION_FK/IG (Aguiar, 2010)

12. BNC Mod_ION_FK/IG ALDAR Kalman Filter Ionosphere Model: Polynomial Function Coeficients: ds s and dr r Ionosphere Monitoring ds s, dr r VTEC, ROT, IPP Real time ionosphere maps GMT IG & GIVE

13. Grid Maps and GIVE/ Brazil GIVEL1 Ionospheric Delay (m) November 22, 2009; Real time processing; 29 NTRIP stations.

14. IONEX Files

15. 2nd and 3rd order Ionosphere corrections In-house software was developed (RINEX_HO) GPS Solutions, Online First: 21 April 2011, DOI: 10.1007/s10291-011-0220-1, "RINEX_HO: second- and third-order ionospheric corrections for RINEX observation files" by H. A. Marques, J. F. G. Monico and M. Aquino

16. 2nd and 3rd order Ionosphere corrections The earth’s magnetic field –Dipolar Approximation –International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model (IGRF11 model) –Corrected Geomagnetic Model from PIM (Parameterized Ionospheric Model) TEC –From raw pseudoranges, from pseudoranges smoothed by phase, or from Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM).

17. 2nd order Ionosphere corrections Dipolar – IGRF and Differences

18. RECIFE/PE – RECF (28/10/2003) Ionosphere irregularities Index (F p )

19. Estação RECIFE/PE – RECF (21/11/2007) Ionosphere irregularities Index (F p )

20. GNSS demands in Brazil Off shore applications Air Navigation Positioning in general Precision agriculture Rural Cadastre (50 cm or better – 1 sigma) ….

21. PA in Brazil is demanding 24 hours RTK service

23. Concerning Air Navigation, Brazilian authorities decided to invest in GBAS instead of SBAS. A system from Honeywell Aerospace is under certification at Rio de Janeiro Airport (Galeão). (Cosendey presentation on Nov 09).

24. Challenges for such GNSS applications Ionospheric Scintillation!

25. CIGALA Project “Concept for Ionospheric scintillation mitiGAtion for professional GNSS in Latin America” Goal: Understand the cause and implication of IS disturbances at low latitudes, model their effects and develop mitigations through: –Research of the underlying causes of IS and the development of state-of-the-art models capable of predicting signal propagation and tracking perturbations –Field measurement via the deployment in close collaboration with local academic and industrial partners of multi-frequency multi-constellation Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring (ISM) network –Design and implementation of novel IS mitigation techniques in state-of-the-art GNSS receivers –Field testing the mitigation techniques, leveraging the same partnership as during the measurement campaign.

26. CIGALA partners

27. CIGALA IS Monitoring Network in Brazil Continuous recording of : Amplitude scintillation index S 4 : standard deviation of received power normalized by its mean value Phase scintillation index σ Φ : standard deviation of de-trended carrier phase, with Phi60 its 60” version TEC (Total Electron Content) Lock time Code – Carrier Divergence Spectral parameters of phase Power Spectral Density: –Spectral slope p –Spectral strength T Raw high-rate I&Q correlation values (50Hz)

28. 8 ISM stations Latitudinal and longitudinal distribution over Brazil Two stations at São José dos Campos (crest of EIA) and Pres. Prudente Data stored locally and sent to repository at UNESP, Pres. Prudente Data mirrored at INGV, Rome Ended on Feb 2012, but the network is still collecting data. IS Monitoring Network in Brazil ISMR Query Tool was developed

29. CALIBRA PROJECT A follow up of the CIGALA Project –Countering GNSS high Accuracy applications Limitations due to Ionospheric disturbances in BRAzil  Focus on high accuracy GNSS positioning techniques  Better than 10cm

30. CIGALA/CALIBRA Network Stations equipped GNSS receivers PolaRxS-PRO, Five new stations will be installed for the CALIBRA Project.

31. GNSS/Ionosphere developments at FCT/UNESP were presented; Brazil is a very challenge place for GNSS applications, mainly due to the Ionosphere behavior in the equatorial region; Several applications have suffered of the effects of such problem (IS); In the PA and aviation there is a need for more developments and tests; CIGALA/CALIBRA is collecting data that may provide more data for scientific and operational purposes. Final comments

32. More information? http://gege.fct.unesp.br