1. Catalyzing Changes: An Analysis of the Role of FSC Forest Certification in Brazil The Forest Stewardship Council: A Developing Country Perspective

2. Introduction Brazilian Context Brazilian Context History of FSC History of FSC FSC Development in Brazil FSC Development in Brazil Direct and Indirect Impacts Direct and Indirect Impacts Limitations and Challenges Limitations and Challenges Conclusions Conclusions FSC: A Developing Country Perspective

3. 190 million habitants 190 million habitants 8.5 million Km 2 8.5 million Km 2 > 5 million Km 2 covered by forests > 5 million Km 2 covered by forests Deforestation rate 1,2 million hectare/year Deforestation rate 1,2 million hectare/year North and South – two distinct realities North and South – two distinct realities Public x private land Public x private land Law and bureaucracy disincentive SFM Law and bureaucracy disincentive SFM Biggest producer & biggest consumer Biggest producer & biggest consumer Brazilian Context

4. Boycott in late 80s were not effective Boycott in late 80s were not effective - Internal markets - Internal markets - Deforestation - Deforestation WARP looks for positive alternatives WARP looks for positive alternatives Consultation process from 1991 to 1993 Consultation process from 1991 to 1993 Brazil was part of the country studies Brazil was part of the country studies Foundation 1993 – Brazil and Canada had the biggest delegations Foundation 1993 – Brazil and Canada had the biggest delegations Unique organization format – balance North/South & Social/Enviro/Economic Unique organization format – balance North/South & Social/Enviro/Economic History of FSC

5. PRINCIPLE 1 Compliance with laws and principles Forest management shall respect all applicable laws of the country in which they occur, and international treaties and agreements to which the country is a signatory, and comply with all FSC Principles and Criteria. Principles and Criteria

6. PRINCIPLE 2 Tenure and Use Rights and Responsabilities Long-term tenure and use rights to the land and forest resources shall be clearly defined, documented and legally established. Terras do João Principles and Criteria

7. PRINCIPLE 3 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights The legal and customary rights of indigenous peoples to own, use and manage their lands, territories and resources shall be recognized and respected. Principles and Criteria

8. PRINCIPLE 4 Community Relations and Workers’ Rights Forest management operations shall maintain or enhance the long-term social and economic well-being of forest workers and local communities. Principles and Criteria

9. PRINCIPLE 5 Benefits from the Forest Forest management operations shall encourage the efficient use of the forests’ multiple products and services to ensure economic viability and wide range of environmental and social benefits. Principles and Criteria

10. PRINCIPLE 6 Environmental Impact Forest management shall conserve biological diversity and its associated values, water resources, soils, and unique. and fragile ecosystems and landscapes, and, by so doing, maintain the ecological functions and the integrity of the forest. Principles and Criteria

11. PRINCIPLE 7 Mangement Plan. A management plan – appropriate to the scale and intensity of the operations – shall be written, implemented and kept up to date. The long-term objectives of management and the means of achieving them, shall be clearly stated. Principles and Criteria

12. PRINCIPLE 8 Monitoring and Assessment Monitoring shall be conducted appropriate to the scale and intensity of forest management – to assess the condition of the forest, yields of forest products, chain of custody, management activities, and their social and environmental impacts. Principles and Criteria

13. PRINCIPLE 9 Maintenance High Conservation Value Forests Principles and Criteria Management activities in high conservation value forests shall maintain or enhance the attributes which define such forests. Decisions regarding high conservation value forests shall always be considered in the context of a precautionary approach.

14. Principles and Criteria PRINCIPLE 10Plantations Plantations shall be planned and managed in accordance with Principles and Criteria 1–9, and Principle 10 and its Criteria. While plantations can provide an array of social and economic benefits, and can contribute to satisfying the world’s needs for forest products, they should complement the management of, reduce pressures on, and promote the restoration and conservation of natural forests.

15. Chain of Custody CoC

16. Cadeia de Custódia Chain of Custody (COC) garantees that a product’s raw material is certified. Florestacertificada Floresta certificada Indústria certificada Produto certificado Forest Certification garantees the quality of forest management.

17. Autor: Tasso Azevedo / tasso@imaflora.org / Jan99 Chain of Custody Certified Forest Non-certified Forest Non-certified Product Certified Product

18. 1995–96 First standards discussions & first certifications 1995–96 First standards discussions & first certifications 1997 – created the FSC-WG-Brazil 1997 – created the FSC-WG-Brazil - 18 members (3 chambers) - 18 members (3 chambers) 1998–2000 – Development of standards for plantations and natural forest management in Amazon 1998–2000 – Development of standards for plantations and natural forest management in Amazon - 3 workshops, 4 consultations, field tests, Harmonization - 3 workshops, 4 consultations, field tests, Harmonization 2001 – Foundation of the Brazilian Council of Forest Management – FSC Brazil 2001 – Foundation of the Brazilian Council of Forest Management – FSC Brazil CERFLOR: the Brazilian SFI and/or PEFC CERFLOR: the Brazilian SFI and/or PEFC FSC Development in Brazil

19. 875,000 hectares of forests certified 875,000 hectares of forests certified 15 forests certified 15 forests certified > 1 million in process > 1 million in process 10% of plantations 10% of plantations 20% of natural forest management 20% of natural forest management 71 Chain of Custody Certificates 71 Chain of Custody Certificates FSC Development in Brazil Forest Management Chain of Custody

20. Buyers Group NTFP is bringing cosmetic industry to the game 2002 – Main construction companies Brazilian Market: Hitting the Target Brazil is our market There is no certification without support in the internal market 68% of Brazilians believe major environmental problems is forest destruction market  certification  market... who comes first?

21. Maintain access to markets Maintain access to markets Get better prices and conditions Get better prices and conditions Increase willingness of testing new products Increase willingness of testing new products Share common identity Share common identity Access to green funds Access to green funds Leverage corporate image Leverage corporate image Build direct and long-term business relations Build direct and long-term business relations Sympathy from government agencies Sympathy from government agencies Why companies are demanding FSC certification?

22. Direct Impacts of Certification Quality of working conditions Quality of working conditions - Camping - Safety - Safety - Long-term contracts - Outsourcing - Outsourcing

23. Impacts for Forest Operations Impacts for Forest Operations - Management plan - Reduced impact logging - Reduced impact logging - Conservation areas - Forest conversion - Forest conversion Direct Impacts of Certification

24. Relation with the community Relation with the community - Respect to indigenous community - Respect to indigenous community - Compensation for losses - Compensation for losses - Land tenure recognition - Land tenure recognition Direct Impacts of Certification

25. Indirect Impacts of Certification More objective claims More objective claims Creating an applicable research agenda Creating an applicable research agenda Responsible investment / funds Responsible investment / funds Simplification of legislation Simplification of legislation Increase acceptable standard Increase acceptable standard New role for forest departments on industry New role for forest departments on industry New training programs on forestry New training programs on forestry Pressure over illegal wood Pressure over illegal wood Forest management is possible

26. Compliance with standards Compliance with standards - understand the standards - understand the standards - viability of the standards - viability of the standards - lack of information about forest management - lack of information about forest management Access to information & certifiers Access to information & certifiers Direct and indirect costs – who pays? Direct and indirect costs – who pays? Market recognition Market recognition Limitations and Challenges