1. 1 Cultural landscape in a border-island: A case study of Kinmen Island, Taiwan 簡宏達 Chien, Hung-Ta (Taiwan) PhD Researcher, Joint Center for Urban Design Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

2. 2 The Falkland Islands Cyprus Kinmen Island Northern territory Spratly Islands Timor New Guinea Border-island Issues related to territory, sovereignty and natural resources etc. Types of disputed islands: Colonial islands; divided island; disputed neighboring countries (location of maritime boundary) Disputed Island Border-island Landscape planning in a border-island Crucial issue:

3. 3 Island Border-island border-island Disputed contexts; The delimitation of international maritime boundary outside islands or international boundary inside islands Island cultural landscape Border-island cultural landscape Transformation Overlapping of island and borderland Border landscape?

4. 4 Border study FrontierBorderBoundary Land boundary Maritime boundary Boundary in the air Border landscape Borderland Boundary delimitation ? ?

5. 5 Cultural landscape in borderland

6. 6 Four aspects of border landscape (Prescott 1987) Boundaries as features of the landscape Contrasting landscapes on opposite sides of the boundary The attitudes of border dwellers Borders and national policies Border landscape (Mainly focus on land borderland)

7. 7 Bridge border landscape and disputed island BoundaryBorderland Border landscape Land boundary Island Border-island Border-island landscape Maritime boundary Island landscape

8. 8 Air, island (land) and ocean(water) Universal attraction of island Sun, sand and sea

9. 9 Border-island landscape Three-dimension sealed landscape:air, island and water body Maritime buffer zone landscape: status of surrounding water is changed Political landscape: landscape is reshaped for political ideology, value and establish the governing powers Nationalism landscape: to achieve national identity and loyalty Garrison landscape: territory ownership and national security Institutional boundaries divided landscape: ruling political power institutions, military facilities, relevant authorities of national policy

10. 10 Taiwan in the world

11. 11 Geo-political Map of the Taiwan Straits

12. 12 Location of Kinmen Island 8 Kilometer off Xiamen Bay

13. 13 Disputed (contested) history of Kinmen Island after 1949 1949-1958: Active military action frontline 1959-1979: Passive military action frontline 1980-2000: Deadlock garrison 2001-current: Cross-border testing

14. 14 Taiwan Taipei Kinmen China Politics Economy Society Culture Military occupation Politics Economy Society Culture Power Population Invasion Taiwan and Kinmen; Center and Periphery

15. 15 The authority system The Kinmen National Park Headquarters Kinmen military authority Kinmen County government Relevant authority of the ‘three mini links’ policy

16. 16 Concentrated garrison landscape Shop-window landscape Sandwich landscape Landscape of fears Sacred landscape Landscape of abandonment Vernacular landscape Cross-border landscape Borderland tourism landscape Kinmen border-island landscape

17. 17 Concentrated garrison landscape

18. 18 Shop-window landscape Political Propaganda; shop-window of political ideology of Nationalist China; Frontage of Taiwan territory;

19. 19 Sandwich landscape Ground Under ground

20. 20 Landscape of fears Fears of powers: Fears of dangerous environments: military facilities Fears of ghost Sacred landscape Graveyard of dead serviceman Monuments and war memorial museum Local belief

21. 21 Landscape of abandonment Abandoned residential buildings and settlements Abandoned military facilities

22. 22 Vernacular landscape

23. 23 Borderland tourism landscape DangerLeisure

24. 24 Cross-border landscape 2001: ‘Three Mini Links’ policy ( Kin-Xia Peace Bridge, water, electricity)

25. 25 Spatial patterns of Kinmen Island landscape divided, broken, hard-integrated

26. 26 The landscape planning of Kinmen Island The planning for the divided, corridor-shaped and slotted-shape landscape Divided landscape Corridor-shaped landscape Slotted-shaped landscape

27. 27 Conclusion The (disputed) border-island needs to be paid attention. The cultural landscape transformation of disputed border-island needs to be concerned. The cultural landscape of border-island needs to be studied with the applications and approaches of land border landscape. The landscape planning in border-island is very crucial and critical for living quality improvements of island under the influence of globalization. Kinmen is a particular case but not the unique example. The application and reference of Kinmen Island for further study on worldwide disputed islands

28. 28

29. 29 The conservation of vernacular landscape

30. 30 The conservation issues of vernacular landscape

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33 Research Background Borderland is a worldwide issue, such as USA- Mexico, Border landscape study (House 1982, Minghi 1963, Prescott 1978 1987, Rumley and Minghi 1991) Land borderland is the focus of the boundary and border landscape studies The issue of island and international boundary (Maritime boundary) The awareness of the maritime boundary issue because of the delimitation of the maritime boundary Taiwan is a island country