1. Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution

2. The Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna began in 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement between European nations after Napoleon’s defeat. (SG12)
Prince Klemens von Metternich dominated the meetings and was guided by the “principle of legitimacy” (SG12):
Lawful monarchs before Napoleon would be restored to power.
The Congress was most interest in creating a “balance of power” between states and rearranged territory to accomplish this. (SG12)

3. Conservatism and the Balance of Power
Metternich and the rulers of Europe believed in the political philosophy known as conservatism:
Based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability. (SG13)
Most conservatives favored obedience to political authority (e.g. monarchs). (SG13)
Hate revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands for individual rights or representative government. (SG13)
To maintain the balance of power Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to meet at times to take steps necessary to maintain peace.
These meetings became known as the Concert of Europe.

4. Principle of Intervention
To maintain the balance of power the great powers adopted a “principle of intervention”: (SG14)
The great powers had right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to power.
Great Britain refused to accept this principle. They argued that other nations internal affairs should not be interfered with.
The other great powers used military force to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy and restore monarchies.

5. Liberalism Liberalism: (SG15)
The political philosophy that holds that people should be as free as possible from government restraint.
Liberals had a common set of political beliefs:
Equality before the law.
Freedom of assembly, speech and the press.
All individual rights should be guaranteed by a written document (e.g. Bill of Rights).
Favor constitutional governments (e.g. constitutional monarchy).
Did not believe in democracy where everyone could vote, especially not the lower/working class.
Most Liberals came from the Industrial Middle Class/Bourgeoisie.

6. Nationalism The power of nationalism grew during the 19th century.
Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves as part of a community defined by:
A distinctive language.
Common institutions.
Common customs.
Nationalism was a strong motivation for a united Germany and Italy. (SG16)
A threat to existing political order, as a united Germany would be a threat to the balance of power. (SG16)

7. Revolutionary Outbursts
Beginning in 1830, revolutions fueled by liberalism and nationalism challenged the conservative domination of Europe.
In France, Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis Philippe, a constitutional monarch.
Belgium rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy both rebelled but were crushed by Russia and Austria respectively.

8. Revolutions of 1848 - Activity
Newspapers
Instructions:
Break into groups of 4-5
Try and get it right on your own or I will number you off and make the groups that way.
Take a “Newspaper Activity Handout Packet” from the desk.

9. Revolutions of 1848 - Activity
As a group select your nation from:
France (1 group)
Austria (1 group)
Italian States (2 groups)
German States (2 groups)
Assign Reporter Roles in Group:
1 Recap of Events article
1 Important Figure biopic article
1 Pro-liberalism editorial
1 Pro-conservative editorial
1 Sports & Entertainment articles (only if group is more than 4)

10. Revolutions of 1848 - Activity
Take minutes to write your article on the worksheet proved. Make sure to write your name at the top.
Your article needs to be the following:
At least two to three full paragraphs.
Be accurate and legible.
Accompanied by a hand drawn “photo”.

11. Revolutions of 1848 - Activity
Get a sheet of butcher paper (I will provide).
Get markers from the white basket on the desk.
As a group layout your front page for the newspaper.
Take turns copying your articles and pictures onto the newspaper.
When you are done take an Industrialization Crossword and Europe/Asia Map worksheet.
Work quietly on the worksheet until the whole class has finished.