1. Composting for Sustainability Mrs. Hunter Changing this to This

2. What is Composting? Composting is: controlling the natural recycling system of decomposition, which converts organic material into a dark soil-like material called compost.

3. This is what compost looks like: Alaska Compost Worms and coffee grounds Mountain compost Vermicompost & worms Winter months Mushroom compost contains composted down horse manure and soil conditioner. also used for tree planting and bagging.

4. Decomposition the Process Micro-organisms Decomposer ~ an organism that feeds on and breaks down the dead Mold ~ a fuzzy growth, a fungus Bacteria~ single-celled life forms that can reproduce quickly Fungi ~ a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients from dead or living plants or animals Spores ~ seeds of mold or fungi Bacteria

5. Decomposition Experiment The Process I placed a piece of food into small, clear boxes. Then a few drops of water was added to the material and covered it. There were several observations made of the processes occurring. This experiment lasted for three weeks. However it is part of a larger ongoing study. The End Results The food materials began to get covered with decomposers like mold, bacteria and fungi. Very close observations showed several spores around the boxes. The food items began to breakdown and soften and get wet and slimy looking.

6. There are 3 levels of Decomposers Micro-organisms Macro-organisms Earth worms, insects, etc. Third Level Decomposers

7. Bacteria do the majority of the work and are the primary decomposer organisms of a compost pile. There are three types of aerobic (oxygen-requiring) bacteria. 1) Psychrophilic bacteria (thrive in lowest temperature range - 55 degrees F or less) give off a small amount of heat as a by-product, causing a rise in the pile's air temperature. 2) Mesophilic bacteria (thrive at 70-90 degrees F) do most of the work and also generate heat as a by-product, raising the pile temperature even more. 3) Thermophiles (thrive at 104-200 degrees F) work fast and last only 3-5 days. Actinomycetes (higher form of bacteria similar to fungi and molds) liberate carbon, nitrogen and ammonia, making nutrients available for plants. They take over during the final stages of decomposition, often producing antibiotics that destroy bacterial growth. Fungi also take over during the final stages of composting when the organic material has been changed to a more digestible form. First Level Decomposers Micro-organisms

8. Bacteria Mold / Fungi

9. Second Level Decomposers Macro-organisms Second level decomposers include protozoa, rotifera, nematodes (roundworms), earthworms, millipedes, sow bugs, land snails and slugs, springtails, feather-winged beetles, mold mites and beetle mites. They consume the first level decomposers. Some second level decomposers, such as earthworms, also consume the organic residue, so they can also be considered first level decomposers.

10. Grub Fly Beetle Centipede

11. Third Level Decomposers Third level decomposers include ground beetles, centipedes, pseudoscorpions and ants (ants are usually not found in a compost pile that contains adequate moisture - they are a sign that the pile is too dry). They feed upon first and second level decomposers. Some may also consume organic residue.

12. Third Level Decomposers Rats Spiders Moles

14. Decomposition for Life Composting The Process A compost pile decomposes because a food web of living organisms feed on organic waste and each other to survive. Nitrogen (an important nutrient for growth) cycles through the living and nonliving components of a compost pile.

15. Who does the work Soil organisms do most of the work. Our work as composters is to give the decomposers food, air, water and a good home - they eat our garbage and turn it into compost. Soil organisms: ~ micro-organisms (bacteria, actinomycetes), molds, fungi ~ macro-organisms(earthworms, insects)

16. What do the soil organisms need? The same things we do - food, air, water, and a habitable temperature, which means making a large enough pile to keep them from freezing to death in the winter. Food. Organic material - general rule of thumb - anything that was once alive can be composted, for example, paper can be composted because it was originally a tree. Some organic materials, such as meat and dairy products, can create odors so they should not be added to a compost pile. Discuss what should and should not be composted. Explain recipe of 3 parts brown (high carbon) to 1 part green (high nitrogen) Material will decompose faster if chopped up or shredded (increased surface area for bacteria to colonize).

17. Things we Do Compost Leaves, grass, weeds, small garden clippings, pine needles, wood ash, bark, nutshells, fruit and vegetable scraps (peels, skins, or seeds), coffee grounds (including the paper filter), tea bags, sawdust, newspaper, paper towels, napkins

18. Things we Do Not Compost Meat, fish, bones, dairy products, vegetable oils, fats, human or pet waste, charcoal ash, plastic food packaging and glass containers glass

19. Composting the Do’s and Don’ts

20. Summary of Composting – Composting is the managed accelerated decomposition of plant-based matter. – A productive compost pile is built with layers, is turned (to add air) regularly, and is kept uniformly damp (NOT WET) so that consumers living in the pile can grow and reproduce. – Decomposition is the breaking down of once living matter into soil, air, and water. – The Nitrogen Cycle ~ nitrogen (an important nutrient for growth) cycles through the living and nonliving components of a compost pile. – The Food Web of the Compost Pile shows how a compost pile decomposes because a food web of living organisms feed on organic waste and each other to survive.

22. Why Compost? By composting we: reduce landfill space used. Leaves are not hauled to a landfill, but composted into nutrient-rich soil instead. save energy while reducing pollution. Fewer trucks are needed to haul waste. Fewer factories are needed to produce chemical lawn/garden/plant fertilizers. save money. Waste hauling fees are lower and less money is spent to buy fertilizer for lawns and plants. get exercise. Turning a compost pile is aerobic for the consumers in the pile as well as you! Think of it as Environmental Jazzercize! Produce valuable soil supplement; return organic matter to soil Save on not having to buy bags

23. Ending Results