1. Clauses A clause is a group of words that contains its own subject and verb

2. Independent Clause An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Michelle gave me a ride to the basketball game. An independent clause may appear anywhere in a sentence. It may be as short as two words. If it could stand alone as a sentence, though, it is independent. Time flew by.

3. Dependent (Subordinate) Clause A dependent or subordinate clause also has a subject and verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses may start with relative pronouns, subordinating conjunctions, or other words. Looking for those “signal words” can help you determine where a dependent clause begins. Michelle gave me a ride to the basketball game because my car broke down. The movie that we watched in class was really good. Dependent clauses may appear anywhere in a sentence. Sometimes they even interrupt independent clauses.

4. Clauses are the big Legos of our language Understanding clauses is key to understanding how we use language. We oftentimes use multiple clauses while writing and speaking, but we often are not aware of it. The movie that we watched in class was really good, and it received multiple Academy Awards because the actors were so great. Understanding clauses is also key to comprehending punctuation. Many people do not understand commas because they do not understand how we use commas to separate different types of clauses.

5. Adjective Clauses Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns and function as adjectives. That, which, who, whom, whose When, where (these last two are not relative pronouns but may also begin adjective clauses) Dr. Charles Richter devised the Richter scale, which is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. I have read nearly every novel that Shirley Ann Grau has written. Sometimes the relative pronoun serves as the subject of the adjective clause.

6. Nonessential and Essential Clauses These are types of adjective clauses and are keys to beginning to understand comma use. An essential (restrictive) clause provides information that is necessary to the meaning of a sentence and is NOT set off by commas. A nonessential (nonrestrictive) clause provides extra information that is not crucial to the meaning of a sentence, so we set it off with commas to show that it’s extra information that we don’t really need. Essential: Students who are going to the track meet can take the bus at 7:45 A.M. Nonessential: Nancy Stevens, whose father is a pediatrician, plans to study medicine.

7. Practice Underline the adjective clauses in the following sentences. 1.A speech community is a group of people who speak the same language. 2.There are speech communities that contain millions of people and some that have only a few people. 3.The first language that you learn is called your native language. 4.People who master a second language are bilingual. 5.Those who conduct business internationally often need to know more than one language. 6.English, French, and Spanish, which many diplomats can speak, are among the six official languages of the United States. 7.Russian, Chinese, and Arabic are the other three languages that are used officially at the UN. 8.Tourists traveling to countries where they do not know the local languages can find themselves at a disadvantage. 9.French is a language that is widely understood in parts of Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. 10.These sentences are the most boring ones that I have ever read in my life.

8. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a noun. Most of the words that begin noun clauses start with the letters wh. Common introductory words for noun clauses Howwhateverwhetherwhowhomever Thatwhenwhichwhoeverwhose Whatwherewhicheverwhomwhy Common introductory words for noun clauses Howwhateverwhetherwhowhomever Thatwhenwhichwhoeverwhose Whatwherewhicheverwhomwhy Examples: That Jim Hynes is a talented writer is an understatement. (SUBJECT) Another course in computers is what the guidance counselor recommended. (PN)

9. Infinitive Clause An infinitive clause consists of an infinitive with a subject, along with any modifiers that infinitive has. The entire infinitive clause can function as a direct object. I wanted her to tell the story about Mr. Omar. Jane would like us to prepare the ingredients.

10. Adverb Clauses Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions and are used as adverbs, telling where, when, how, why, and to what extent. Examples: Because you are my friend, I like you. We will present our project unless you are absent tomorrow. Because prepositional phrases can also begin with words like after, as, before, since, and until, make sure you remember that prepositional phrases do not have verbs in them, while clauses do. I have tennis practice after school. (Prepositional phrase) I have tennis practice after I return from the dentist. (Adverb clause)

11. Punctuation with adverb clauses When an adverb clause begins a sentence, it is followed up with a comma: If we leave now, we will avoid the rush hour traffic. When an adverb clause is at the end of a sentence, there is no comma to separate it from the rest of the sentence. We will avoid the rush hour traffic if we leave now.

12. Elliptical Clauses Part of a clause may be left out when its meaning can be clearly understood from the context of a sentence. Such a clause is called an elliptical clause. Leilana finished her research sooner than Marta [did]. While [he was] painting, Rembrandt concentrated completely on his work.