1. Sexual reproduction in plants
Biology 2B
Sexual reproduction in plants

2. Characteristics of flowering plants
Flowers with pollen and nectar
Vascular systems in leaves, stems and roots
Seeds grow in fruits, nuts or pods
Sexual reproduction
Double fertilisation

3. Flowering plant lifecycle

4. Characteristics of monocots and dicots

5. Flower structures
Female structures – stigma, style and ovary = pistil or carpel
Male structures – anther and filament = stamen
Petals, nectar and extra pollen attract pollinators

6. Types of flowering plants
Hermaphrodite or monoclinous plants have male and female structures in the same flower (complete flowers)
Monoecious plants – have separate male and female flowers on the same plant
Individuals can have separate flowers of both sexes at the same time (simultaneously or synchronously monoecious), or have one sex and then the other (consecutively monoecious).
Protoandrous function first as males and then change to females.
Protogynous function first as females and then change to males.
Dioecious plants - have separate male and female plants.
Gynoecious (female) plants produce seeds but no pollen
Androecious (male) plants produce pollen but no seeds

7. Variations in flower structure
Inflorescence – or way the flowers develop on the same stem
Number of florets – single or composite
Number and arrangement of sepals and petals
Number and arrangement of male parts
Number and arrangement of female parts

8. Pollination
Pollination is the process where the male gamete (pollen) is transferred to the stigma so it can fertilise the female gamete (ovule)
In cross-pollination, the pollen comes from another flower or plant than the ovule
In self – pollination, the pollen comes from the same flower or plant as the ovule
In artificial pollination, humans transfer the pollen

9. Strategies to prevent self pollination
Cross pollination is more desirable as it leads to greater variation
Having separate male and female flowers (or plants)
Male and female structures become functional at different times (eg first the stamen, then the pistil)
Male and female structures different heights or positions so self pollination is not possible
Stigma contains chemicals which prevent pollen from the same plant from growing pollen tube

10. Methods of pollination

11. Seed dispersal