1. MUSCLE TISSUE

2. MUSCLE TISSUE A primary tissue type, divided into: skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

3. Connective Tissue Organization
1. Epimysium
Exterior collagen layer
Surrounds entire muscle
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues
2. Perimysium
Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
Contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

4. Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
3. Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
Contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cells
Contains satellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together at ends of muscles to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix i.e., tendon.

5. Structure of Skeletal Muscle

6. Structure of Skeletal Muscle

7. SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL
Striated/striped appearance of skeletal muscle cell is due to the orderly arrangement of the thin and thick filaments .
that makeup the majority of the contractile proteins.
The contractile proteins are made of 3 types of
filaments;
1. THIN FILAMENT
2. THICK FILAMENT
3. ELASTIC FILAMENT

8. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS THIN FILAMENT
Thin filament is placed hexagonally around myosin
Make and break contacts with myosin during contraction
Has 3 parts;
i) ACTIN PROTEIN
(i.e. the main molecule of this filament).
FUNCTION: Binds to myosin head.

9. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ii) TROPONIN
FUNCTION: Regulatory function by binding to Ca 2+
iii) TROPOMYOSIN
FUNCTION: Has a regulatory function by blocking/unblocking
the binding site of actin to the myosin head

10. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS THICK FILAMENT
Thick filament: composed of structural protein, myosin.
- has 2 main parts
Myosin head - possesses actin binding site and
ATPase activity.
ii) Myosin tail– forms the shaft of thick bands.

11. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS 3. ELASTIC FILAMENT – made of titin molecule
FUNCTION: – Fixes the thick filament to a z disc.

12. Muscle Sarcomere Sarcomere - functional unit of muscle cell
Consist of thick and thin filaments – myofilaments/ myofibril
Myofilaments that lies between two ‘z’ lines- sarcomere
- Dark & light bands alternate
- Light I band is Isotropic
- Dark A band is anisotropic
- Z line bisects I band
- H zone: No overlap of actin

13. Myofibrils
Each myofibril consists of two types of protein filaments -"thick filaments", and "thin filaments".
Thick filaments and the thin filaments within myofibrils overlap in a structured way, forming units called sarcomeres.
Sarcomeres are sections of myofibril that are separated from each other by areas of dense material called "Z discs". The sarcomeres are also described in terms of the bands/zones within which one or both of the two filaments occur.

14. The "A band" is a relatively darker area within the
sarcomere that extends along the total length of the thick
filaments.
The "H zone" is at the centre of the A band of each sarcomere. As shown below, this is the region in which there are only thick filaments, and no thin filaments. The "I band" is the region between adjacent A bands, in which there are only thin filaments, and no thick filaments. ( Each I band extends across two adjacent sarcomeres.)

16. Arrangement of Filaments

17. Cross Bridge

18. Muscle contraction [SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY]
Involves the sliding of the actin over the myosin which causes the muscle to shorten and therefore develop tension
The process of muscular contraction can be explained by the sliding filament theory

19. Muscle contraction [SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY]
Excitation: Step 1
Action potential (AP) travels to nerve ending
ACh release at the neuromuscular junction
Activation of receptors by ACh
Voltage gated Na channels open
AP is generated in the muscle fiber

20. Muscle contraction Depolarization of sarcolemma
Action potential transmitted down T-tubule
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca++
Ca++ binds to troponin C
Active actin site is exposed

21. Muscle contraction Myosin heads are activated
Contraction: Step 2
Myosin heads are activated
Myosin head hydrolyses (breakdown) ATP to
release energy
Myosin head gains energy so it becomes
activated.
Activated myosin head is ready to bind with actin
filament (cross bridge)

22. Muscle contraction
2. Activated myosin head binds rapidly to myosin- binding sites on actin
3. Myosin head still bonded to actin;
i) Changes its shape
ii) Moves towards the center of sarcomere
Above steps, i) and ii) called power stroke
4. Myosin head is still bonded to actin

23. Muscle contraction
5. ATP binds to the myosin in the myosin-actin complex
6. Myosin head detaches from actin
7. Myosin head hydrolyses ATP to release energy.
8. Steps 2 – steps 8 is repeated
During muscle contraction the thin actin filaments slide over the thick myosin filament.
This results in a reduction in the distance from Z line to Z line
H zone increases while while I band decreases.

25. The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

26. Muscle contraction Relaxation: Step III
Ca++ is pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Active pump utilizing ATP
Actin sites are covered by troponin
Ca++ remains stored in the reticulum

27. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Each muscle fibre is connected to a nerve fibre branch coming from a nerve cell.
These nerve cells are called motor neurons, and extend outward from the spinal cord
The motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates are called a motor unit.
Stimulation from motor neurons initiates the contraction process.
The site at which motor neuron attaches on the muscle cell is known as the neuromuscular junction

29. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
At this junction, the sarcolemma forms a pocket known as the motor end plate
The end of the motor neuron is not in direct contact with the muscle fibre but is separated by a short gap known as the neuromuscular cleft
A nerve impulse reaching the end of the motor nerve stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptor sites on the motor end plate

31. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
This causes an increase in permeability of sarcolemma to sodium and sodium diffuses into muscle fibre resulting in a depolarisation called the end-plate potential (EPP)
This EPP is usually large enough to exceed the threshold that is the signal to start the contractile process.